A 32-year-old Asian male presents with diarrhea, which has w…

A 32-year-old Asian male presents with diarrhea, which has worsened over the past year since he got married and his diet changed. The diarrhea is associated with abdominal discomfort and the feeling of “a lot of gas” in his stomach. On examination, his abdomen is distended with a tympanic note on percussion. There is no focal area of tenderness. The hydrogen breath test reveals elevated hydrogen in his expired air.  Based on this information, which of the following conditions is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?

A medical student on their pediatric clerkship arrives to cl…

A medical student on their pediatric clerkship arrives to clinic. Their first patient of the day is an exasperated mother bringing in her 2-year-old daughter for a yearly wellness check. After taking a thorough history, the third-year medical student notices that the child is still wearing pull-up diapers and asks the mother about toilet training. The mother says that she has tried to train her daughter, but that the child repeatedly poops her pants before reaching the bathroom. The third-year medical student recalls the physiological control mechanism of defecation and knows that the child needs to learn to voluntarily control which nerve and muscle?