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A) We cycle through different stages of sleep at night. When you first go to bed, do you first enter non-rapid eye movement (NREM) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep? (2 pt) B) In a typical night of sleep, does the deep stage of NREM sleep (N3) occur mostly in the early (first ~4 hours) or later (last ~4 hours) portion of the night? (2 pt) C) EEG recordings use scalp electrodes to non-invasively record electrical activity from large areas of the brain. Describe what a typical EEG recording from someone in deep N3 NREM sleep would look like. (2 pts) D) Explain what is happening in the brain to produce this type of EEG measurement during N3 NREM sleep. (2 pt) E) How does brain and muscle activity during REM sleep compare to wake? (hint: why is REM sleep also known as “paradoxical sleep”?). (2 pts)  

A) Activity in “wake-promoting” and “sleep-promoting” neurons regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Where are most of the sleep-promoting neurons found in the brain? (1 pt) B) When sleep-promoting neurons are active, what effect do they have on wake-promoting neurons? (1 pt) C) Constantin von Economo found that patients with “sleeping sickness” that slept excessively following a viral infection had damage at the junction between brainstem and forebrain. Explain why damage in this region made it nearly impossible for these patients to stay awake. (2 pts) D) Death of hypocretin (also called orexin) neurons causes narcolepsy. Why does loss of these neurons lead to an inability to stay awake? (2 pts) E) Metabolic waste products and toxins can accumulate in spaces between neurons. Clearance of these substances by the “glymphatic” system, in which cerebrospinal fluid rinses out brain tissue, is important to maintaining brain health. What are the two factors that make clearance of waste/toxins by this system most effective during sleep? (4 pts)

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A 78-year-old patient with a history of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and diabetes is 4 weeks post-transtibial amputation and has not yet been fitted for a prosthesis. The patient uses a wheelchair for mobility and transfers with supervision. Examination reveals limited hip extension strength, poor standing tolerance, and concern about cardiovascular endurance. The patient’s short-term goal is to improve strength and endurance to prepare for prosthetic training. Which of the following combinations of outcome measure and intervention is MOST appropriate at this stage of rehabilitation?

A 68-year-old male accountant presents to physical therapy with complaints of numbness, tingling, and burning pain in both feet, which has progressively worsened over the past six months. The patient has a medical history of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. He also reports feeling unsteady when walking and is concerned about his risk of falling. His current medications include Metformin, Lisinopril, Atorvastatin, and Gabapentin for neuropathic pain.  Which of the following interventions would be MOST appropriate to address this patient’s symptoms and functional limitations? 

An 82-year-old presents to physical therapy after hospitalization for a fall. The patient demonstrates decreased mobility, recurrent falls, mild cognitive decline, urinary incontinence, and generalized weakness. The caregiver reports that these issues have gradually worsened over the past year, but the patient has a decreased appetite but continues to eat regular meals, participates in therapy willingly, and expresses a desire to return to independent living. The patient takes multiple medications for hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis. Which of the following best describes this patient’s current condition?

Which statement best defines epigenetics according to the current definition? 

32. A nurse is caring for a client with acute kidney injury who is scheduled for hemodialysis. What actions should the nurse perform prior to hemodialysis? Select all that apply.

British political philosopher Thomas Hobbes is associated with the idea of

Which term refers to the right to participate in politics equally, based on the principle of “one person, one vote”?