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Which of the following is the “hypodermic needle” of the Yersinia bacteria genus for inoculating host macrophages with virulence factors?

Which of the following is NOT an ecological role of viruses?

What is an operational taxonomic unit (OTU)?

Viral latency requires the presence of the viral repressor protein, CI.

The human microbiome varies across different locations of the body.

What is the mechanism by which virioids are thought to cause disease? 

Oxygen is the product of which process?

Which of the following types of viruses deviate from the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

Which of the following is a protist that are photosynthetic and have cells walls made of silica?

Select the defining features of life-associated chemical processes.