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Epidemiology, as defined in this lesson, would include which of the following activities? Select all that apply.

Investigators conducted a study to compare Covid-19 vaccine history among 1,294 adults with pre-existing heart condition  and 4,469 adults without such condition. (They found that history of pre-existing heart condition and negatively related to Covid-19 vaccine uptake.) This is an example of which type(s) of study?

Description Randomized Clinical Trial, Cohort Study and Case Control Instructions The purpose of this study is to determine if child-bearing age women who did not give birth to at least one child are at higher risk of developing breast cancer than women who had given birth to at least one child. Interviews were conducted with all women of child-bearing age in several hospital systems in Atlanta. Based on the interviews  the women were classified into 2 groups: those who gave birth to at least one child and those who did not give birth to any children. Employee health records, medical records and insurance claims were collected over the next 10 years and women were re-examined to determine occurrences of breast cancer diagnosis. At the conclusion of this study, breast cancer rates were calculated and the groups with children and without children were compared on their breast cancer rates over 10 years. Findings indicate that 100,000 women were enrolled in the study and 12,000 of those enrolled had no children and 88,000 had children. After 10 years, there were 400 diagnosis of breast cancer among women with children and 800 breast cancer diagnosis among women without children.   Breast cancer diagnosisYES Breast cancer diagnosisNO TOTAL Did not have children 400 11600 12000 Did have children 800 87200 88000 TOTAL 1200 98800 100000   Question: Which of the following is the appropriate measure of effect (or association) to estimate the strength of the association between having children and having diagnosis of breast cancer in this study?

Order: allopurinol (Zyloprim) 175mg, by mouth QID Available: 300mg/mL How many mL will be given per dose? Show your work.

The epidemiologic triad of disease causation refers to: (Choose one best answer)  

Which governing body inspects & regulates research facilities utilized by pet food manufacturers?

Order: trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride (Artane) 4mg, PO, twice dailyAvailable:    How many tablet(s) will the patient receive on a daily basis? Show your work  

What type of research study is the following:   Fifty teen mothers are randomly assigned to an experimental parenting support group and a regular support group.  Before the program and at the end of the 3-month program, mother-child interaction patterns are compared between the two groups.   

A lack of clarity about whether the presumed cause preceded the outcome is a threat to internal validity.

Description Evaluation of Screening Tests The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of fasting blood glucose (FBS) as a screening test for impaired glucose tolerance. In this study, impaired glucose tolerance is determined by second hour glycemia after oral load (2hBS). Consecutive patients in a primary care clinic who had medical history and physical exam findings that prompted screening for metabolic abnormalities were enrolled in the study, excluding patients with known type 2 diabetes and those taking medications that affect glucose or insulin metabolism. A total of 379 patients were enrolled in the study. Patients were classified on FBS (high or normal) and 2hBS (impaired glucose tolerance, yes or no) using established criteria. Of the 36 patients with impaired glucose tolerance (yes), 14 had high fasting glucose levels. Of the 343 patients who did not have impaired glucose tolerance (no), 59 had high fasting glucose levels.     2hBS:Impaired Glucose Tolerance YES 2hBS:Impaired Glucose Tolerance NO TOTAL High FBS 14 59 73 Normal FBS 22 284 306 TOTAL 36 343 379   Question: What is the specificity of High FBS as an indicator of abnormal 2hBS?__ __%