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Short Essay: Explain the concept of herd immunity.  When has it protected us in the past?  When has it let us down?  What are some barriers to herd immunity?  Specifically discuss herd immunity and the corona virus.

Short Essay:  What is happening to Louisiana?  Explain the scenario above based on concepts you have learned in these chapters.  Be sure to include a discussion of the Mississippi River watershed in the explanation.

How would you be able to test whether a new road surface is impervious?

The oldest prokaryote fossils date back to approximately 3. 4-3.6 billion years ago

CFU is an abbreviation that stands for __________.

What are Koch’s 4 postulates? 

A) Briefly describe 2 experiments that can be conducted by researchers that would demonstrate how HGT moves genetic material between different hosts. B) Compare and contrast vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Describe four ways in which these processes are similar or different. 

In what year was the disease we now know as HIV first recognized?

Although bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotes, they are evolutionarily distinct. List 3 ways in which bacteria and archaea differ with regard to their cellular structures.      

Describe 3 benefits of biofilm formation from the perspective of a microbe.