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To generate effector cells from a naive mature T cell, activation signals 1 and 2 must be received from a professional APC, but then a third signal is also needed.  Please label your answers (1-2). 1. In what form is this third signal delivered?   2. What is the function of this third signal?

The effects of IFN-gamma in the body result from activation of IFN-gamma receptors on various cells.   1. Give an example of a cell that expresses IFN-gamma receptors. 2. Give at least one effect that IFN-gamma exposure has on that cell.

Cross presentation is something that some cDCs can do.  For each of the following questions, please number your answers.1. What is the fundamental need for cross presentation?2. Which cDC specializes in doing this?3. For what type of pathogen is cross presentation most commonly needed?  4. In order to properly defend against this type of pathogen, which adaptive cell requires that antigen be cross presented to it?5. How does cross presentation differ from regular presentation?

What is a molecule that can be expressed on an APC and that can provide costimulation to a T cell?

Conventional dendritic cells (cDC) have two major developmental states.  One is the default state (immature), and the other is a state into which they mature.   For the questions below, please number your answers. 1. What is the global function of immature cDCs? 2. What would trigger maturation of a cDC? 3. What is the global function of mature cDCs?

After binding to antigen, antibodies are capable of providing each of the following types of defense, except one.  Which one?

Identify the tissue that is represented in the figure.

The structures of IgM and IgA contain a component that no other antibodies contain.  This structural component provides for specific binding to a receptor.  Please label your answers (1-4). 1. What is the structural component? 2. What is the receptor that can be bound by the antibodies due to the structural component, above? 3. Binding to this receptor facilitates what to be done with these antibodies (something that is not done to any other antibodies)? 4. In what tissue is this receptor most commonly found?

For each of the T cells shown below: a) indicate one cytokine (not IL-2) that is produced by the fully differentiated cell as part of its normal function, and b) indicate what the target cell for that cytokine is likely to be (what cell will be regulated by that cytokine?).    Th1 Th2 Th17 T Reg CTL

Your goal is to prevent the development of a successful immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an experimental mouse model. To do so, you will inject your mice intravenously with an anti-cytokine monoclonal antibody on the same day that you infect your mice with the pathogen. What is the cytokine specificity of this antibody?  There may be more than one correct answer.   Explain your reasoning.