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Speech that creates an immediate threat of violence is not constitutionally protected.  

A criminal act is frequently punished differently depending on the context or ______ circumstances surrounding the offense.

The ______ rule permits an innocent individual to momentarily possess and dispose of an illegal object.  

A key concern with the enforcement of vague laws is that they give too much discretion to police and they may be used to punish members of socially marginalized groups.  

Fred shot Brad out of revenge.  During surgery, the surgeon accidentally severed a major artery, causing Brad to bleed to death.  Choose the best answer for the most likely outcome.  

A crime refers to either action and inactions that society has deemed both wrong and punishable.

An obligation to intervene may be created by an agreement or  ______.

A determination that it is fair or just to hold a defendant legally responible for an injury or death is a determination of which type of causation?

Jonathan is a sleepwalker. One night during a nightmare, he takes the gun from his nightstand and goes on a search for his attacker. He shoots and injures David, an innocent bystander who has never met Jonathan. Jonathan wakes up in the police station unaware of any of the recent events. Will he be convicted for his actions?

One evening in downtown Kodiak, Kodiak Police Officer Henderson was driving his patrol car through town. As he passed the public library he observed Johnny Johnson sitting on the front steps. Officer Henderson knew Johnny Johnson to be a trouble-maker and knew that he was likely up to “no good.” Officer Henderson turned around his patrol car and drove by Johnson again. As Officer Henderson drove by Johnson the second time, Johnson flipped Officer Henderson off. Officer Henderson immediately stopped his patrol car, backed up, and turned on his sirens. Officer Henderon got out of his vehicle and walked up to Johnson. As Officer Henderson approached Johnson, Johnson continued to flip-off Officer Henderson, Officer Henderson noticed that Johnson’s T-shirt was a meme with the words “pigs suck.” Officer Henderson walked up to Johnson, placed him in handcuffs, and charged him with second-degree harassment. A person commits the crime of second-degree harassment if the person insults, taunts, or challenges another person in a manner that is likely to provoke an immediate violent response. (AS 11.61.120(a)(1)) Was Officer Henderson’s decision to charge Johnson with harassment lawful? Using the constitutional principles discussed in the course explain why or why not.