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You are examining an 85-year-old woman and find a grade 3/6 crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur with radiation to the neck. What is this most likely caused by?

Atrial depolarization is represented as the ________ on the ECG tracing.

A 50-year-old female presents to the clinic with complaints of intermittent palpitations that have been occurring for the past month. She describes the palpitations as a “fluttering” or “racing” sensation in her chest, lasting for 1-2 minutes at a time, occurring primarily at rest or during times of increased stress. She denies chest pain, dizziness, or shortness of breath. Her medical history includes hypertension, obesity, and a 15-pack-year smoking history. She takes an ACE inhibitor for her hypertension and uses over-the-counter caffeine-containing products regularly. Her family history is significant for heart disease, with her father having a myocardial infarction at age 55. On examination, her blood pressure is 135/85 mmHg, heart rate is 78 bpm, and her physical exam is otherwise unremarkable. Which is most likely contributing to this patient’s palpitations?

   What degree of fatty infiltration is present on this ultrasound image of the liver in the longitudinal plane? 

The above color and PW Doppler image is of the main hepatic artery. What Doppler sign is demonstrated on this exam indicating that the patient has a stenosis?   

A 30-year-old pregnant woman, currently 28 weeks gestation, presents for her routine prenatal check-up. She has no significant medical history and reports feeling generally well. On examination, her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure 110/70 mmHg, heart rate 92 bpm, respiratory rate 18 breaths per minute, and temperature 98.6°F. She is noted to have a mild, nonproductive cough, and an increased heart rate during her physical examination. Which is the most likely explanation for this patient’s findings and should be considered normal during pregnancy?

Surfactant is a natural substance present on the surface of alveolar fluid. A lung with abnormally low surfactant levels would be characterized by:

The normal Hgb value for a male is:

Which of the following has the most powerful effect on the central chemoreceptors?

According to Fick’s law, the rate of gas diffusion is: