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The following is an excerpt from a recent scientific publication:“Partial atomic charges are essential for an accurate description of non‑covalent interactions between drug ligands and the MOR… relative to fentanyl, the presence of the fluorine atom in the compound NFEPP alters the partial atomic charges… fentanyl has an overall larger positive charge of the amine system, which could allow stronger H‑bonding to MOR.” According to the excerpt, how does fentanyl’s protonated amine group aid receptor binding?

Which of the following amino acids has the lowest side chain pKa?

The following is an excerpt from a recent scientific publication:“Because amino acid sequence determines protein structure and structure dictates biochemical function, proteins that share a similar amino acid sequence usually perform similar biochemical functions. Starting with the amino acid sequence of a protein, one can often predict which secondary structural elements… will be present in the protein. It is presently not possible, however, to deduce reliably the three-dimensional folded structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence unless its amino acid sequence is very similar to that of a protein whose three‑dimensional structure is already known. Additional information is required to understand the context in which the biochemical activity is used.” Which statement follows from the excerpt regarding prediction of protein function?

Which of the following conditions generally increases nucleophilicity?

Which pair of amino acids are both polar but uncharged at physiological pH and often involved in hydrogen bonding?

A disulfide bond is formed between:

Which functional group is commonly found in peptides and proteins?

Which detailed mechanistic sequence is most consistent with chymotrypsin’s catalytic cycle during peptide bond hydrolysis?

The functional group –OH bonded to a saturated carbon atom is known as:

Which type of molecules typically act as nucleophiles in biological systems?