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A researcher is studying the role of peritubular capillaries in kidney function. What is the primary function of peritubular capillaries in the kidney? 

How do hormones regulate kidney function to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance? 

A patient with CKD progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).  What are the primary treatment options for ESRD? 

Esophageal varices are primarily caused by which of the following conditions? 

An older adult is hospitalized with acute kidney injury (AKI) after starting a new medication. Why are older adults more susceptible to drug-induced kidney injury? 

An older adult with a history of autoimmune disease presents with signs of liver damage.

A patient with Cushing’s syndrome has elevated cortisol levels. Which layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for cortisol production? 

Which of the following is the most common mechanism of hyponatremia? 

A patient with low T4 levels is being evaluated for thyroid dysfunction. How does the feedback control mechanism respond to low T4 levels? 

A 65-year-old male with a history of dementia is brought to the emergency department with lethargy and restlessness. His serum sodium level is 150 mmol/L.  What is the most appropriate initial management for this patient?