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From the chemical point of view, proteins are linear chains of amino acids.  The sequence of amino acids can be written as a string of letters matching nucleic acid sequences using the 4 bases.  More than one nucleotide code word is required to code for all 20 amino acids of cell biology.  At least how many different two-letter sequence code words could be made using 4 different base pair letters?

Please select ALL the correct answers for the following question:  In general proteins fold into structures that have minimal free energy. The structures of proteins determine their what?

How many different amino acids make up the enormous amount of polypeptide sequences used by your cells?

The start codon “aug” codes for the amino acid methionine.  What amino acid do the three stop codons, “uaa”, “uag”, and “uga” code for?

Please choose the mRNA sequence that shows an Open Reading Frame.

It is critically important that all varieties of proteins are produced by

Which nucleotides are pyrimidines?

Briefly design your own Bonus question for this exam.  What one question would you ask as a Bonus?

Shifting the order that you begin putting nucleotide sequences into codon groups (triplets) changes the sequence of potential amino acids in the same RNA segment.  What is this known as?

Which vessel collects lymph from the lower body?