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In the equation ƒ = P/A, what does ƒ represent?

A 3/4 in. x 10 in. plate must resist a service dead load of 31 kips and a service live load of 46 kips in tension. The plate is connected to a gusset with six 1/2 in. bolts. Standard sizing is used for the bolt holes. The steel is ASTM A1066 Grade 50: Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 65 ksi. Assume that Ae = An. Using LRFD, does the plate have enough strength?

A 3/4 in. x 11 in. plate must resist a service dead load of 45 kips and a service live load of 65 kips in tension. The plate is connected to a gusset with eight 1-1/2 in. bolts. Standard sizing is used for the bolt holes. The steel is ASTM A572 Grade 60: Fy = 60 ksi, Fu = 75 ksi. Assume that Ae = An. Using LRFD, does the plate have enough strength?

The person who makes the offer is the__________.

A 3/4 in. x 10 in. plate must resist a service dead load of 36 kips and a service live load of 50 kips in tension. The plate is connected to a gusset with six 1 in. bolts. Standard sizing is used for the bolt holes. The steel is ASTM A572 Grade 42: Fy = 42 ksi, Fu = 60 ksi. Assume that Ae = An. Using LRFD, does the plate have enough strength?

A column in a building is subjected to the following load effects. If LRFD is used, what is the required nominal strength of the column for a resistance factor φ of 0.65?6 kips compression from dead load3 kips compression from roof live load8 kips compression from snow10 kips compression from rain accumulated on the roof9 kips compression from wind

A 5/8 in. x 10 in. plate must resist a service dead load of 52 kips and a service live load of 51 kips in tension. The plate is connected to a gusset with eight 7/8 in. bolts. Standard sizing is used for the bolt holes. The steel is ASTM A572 Grade 42: Fy = 42 ksi, Fu = 60 ksi. Assume that Ae = An. Using ASD, does the plate have enough strength?

The current Steel Construction Manual incorporates both LRFD and ASD.

What is the effective hole diameter to accommodate a 1-1/4 in. bolt? Use oversize hole sizing.

The Steel Construction Manual color codes LRFD design strength values as _______.