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Tolerance is essential for survival, but only some leukocytes are subject to tolerance.  Which one of the following cells is not regulated by the tolerance mechanisms we discussed?

Explain the difference between plasma and serum.

Inflammation after an injury requires changes in the function of endothelial cells.  For the following questions, please number your answers.1. What change in endothelial cell function results in increased vascular permeability? 2. What is a non-cytokine soluble factor that will trigger this change in endothelial cell function leading to increased vascular permeability?3. What is the source of the factor that stimulates increased vascular permeability?4. This change in vascular permeability leads to what sign of inflammation?5. What change in endothelial cell function is needed in order to recruit cells to a site of inflammation?6. For an injury that involves bacterial infection, what is the most common cell recruited?7. What cytokine can trigger the recruitment of these cells to an inflammatory site? 

In cells that do not perform cross-presentation, antigen peptides are generated in what subcellular compartment prior to loading onto an MHC class I proteins?

Describe antigen processing and presentation onto class II MHC proteins, in appropriate, using a three step framework as follows (12 pts): How is antigen obtained and processed by an APC? How is MHC II proteins produced and processed by an APC? How are MHC II proteins combined with antigen and expressed? 

Sometimes an infection can lead to fever.  What soluble factor is produced locally at a site of infection that can act as an endocrine factor and cause a change in body temperature?

Which one of the following cells is considered part of the innate immune system?

To generate effector cells from a naive mature T cell, activation signals 1 and 2 must be received from a professional APC, but then a third signal is also needed.  Please label your answers (1-2). 1. In what form is this third signal delivered?   2. What is the function of this third signal?

The effects of IFN-gamma in the body result from activation of IFN-gamma receptors on various cells.   1. Give an example of a cell that expresses IFN-gamma receptors. 2. Give at least one effect that IFN-gamma exposure has on that cell.

Cross presentation is something that some cDCs can do.  For each of the following questions, please number your answers.1. What is the fundamental need for cross presentation?2. Which cDC specializes in doing this?3. For what type of pathogen is cross presentation most commonly needed?  4. In order to properly defend against this type of pathogen, which adaptive cell requires that antigen be cross presented to it?5. How does cross presentation differ from regular presentation?