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In 5-7 sentences, explain the concept of the joint by joint approach. Give at least two joint location examples. 

The survivors of an expedition originally lead by Sir Francis Drake, was the first to circumnavigate the globe in a journey that lasted from 519-1522.

The term Archaic period is a scholarly term for the early history of humans in America.

VRDL does not use Western blot to screen for HIV antibodies because: 

This virus or group of viruses includes the causative agent of MERS as well as other agents that cause “common cold” like illness in humans:

Influenza and enteroviruses may show similar CPE in cell culture monolayers.  Which of the following tests could be done to differentiate between them?

Virus isolation in cell culture is an important diagnostic tool.  What are DISADVANTAGES inherent in this test?    

Scenario: A suspected rabies specimen has arrived for testing. The testing personnel notices that the brain is decomposed and as a result, is unable to differentiate the parts of the brain. Below are the findings under the microscope: Negative control: no fluorescence Positive control: 4+ fluorescence with specific staining Specimen: 4+ fluorescence with 80% distribution Question: How are these results interpreted? Intensity [intensity]  Antigen Distribution [antigen] Are they reportable? [reportable]

Which of the following are TRUE about RNA virus replication? 

What is the significance of monitoring antigenic shift for the Influenza virus?