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considering rates as well as simple numbers

the participants assigned to the room without music

a subset of the group being studied.”

Researchers must protect participants against greater-than-usual harm and discomfort.”

the participants assigned to the room with music

estimates should not be used to communicate important information.

Exceptional cases are the best for drawing conclusions that can be generalized to the population.

explain the outcomes of research studies after they are told the actual results.

Which of the following refers to “mortality” as a threat to internal validity? 

If you found the following statistics in a research report, which group should you conclude has the least variability/dispersion?