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Conducting surveillance systems in developing countries may not be hampered by hard-to-reach areas, appropriate and relevant resources

KD is a 63-year-old, 77-kg male with a history of diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, and end-stage renal disease. He is dependent on hemodialysis, and he receives dialysis every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Over the past 6 months, he has become more fatigued overall, and tires much more easily during his daily activities. Therapy was initiated with oral ferrous sulfate 325 mg 3 times daily, but KD’s symptoms have not improved. Over the last two weeks, his hemoglobin and hematocrit levels have been low, and he has required two blood transfusions (one each week) after the Wednesday dialysis sessions. His nephrologist is initiating erythropoietin 8000 units subcutaneously every Wednesday. Which factor(s) is (are) critical to consider prior to initiation of erythropoietin therapy? 

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter mediating ganglionic transmission. Which of the following receptors mediate acetylcholine effects at the autonomic ganglia?

A 73-year-old man with no other health issues developed a rash on his back yesterday. He now complains of considerable pain in the area. You suspect varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection (shingles). What is the best treatment option for this patient? 

After treating a 2-year-old for iron deficiency anemia (IDA) for 1 month, laboratory tests show that his hemoglobin level has returned to normal.  Which of the following actions is important? 

Medications approved for use in children for treatment of DM, Type 2 include metformin and insulin.  

A 56-year-old man diagnosed with a MRSA infection expresses concern that he has never “not finished” an antibiotic and has always followed the instructions. Why is he now experiencing antibiotic resistance? 

A 46-year-old woman has a urinary tract infection which has become a systemic infection with fever and lethargy. Nitrofurantoin, an effective urinary antiseptic, would not be recommend for her treatment because

A 67-year-old woman with mild heart failure (LVEF = 45%) has anginal pain with exercise and is prescribed a β adrenergic blocker. What is the rationale underlying the choice of a β adrenergic blocker for this patient? Select all that apply. 

 Which antifungal drug is NOT absorbed from the GI tract, and therefore oral administration results in “topical” treatment along the GI tract (swish and swallow)