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Who wrote the following? “I have heard it asserted by some, that as America has flourished under her former connection with Great Britain, the same connection is necessary towards her future happiness, and will always have the same effect. Nothing can be more fallacious than this kind of argument. We may as well assert that because a child has thrived upon milk, that it is never to have meat, or that the first twenty years of our lives is to become a precedent for the next twenty. But even this is admitting more than is true; for I answer roundly that America would have flourished as much, and probably much more, had no European power taken any notice of her. The commerce by which she hath enriched herself are the necessaries of life, and will always have a market while eating is the custom of Europe.”

Who wrote the following? “In a republic of such vast extent as the United-States, the legislature cannot attend to the various concerns and wants of its different parts. It cannot be sufficiently numerous to be acquainted with the local condition and wants of the different districts…” 

What is the importance of villi in the intestines?

Question 13e: Compare the release from the new polycarbonate bottle to the known release from the standard materials. Is the release of BPA from the new polycarbonate bottle higher with 99% confidence? Perform a hypothesis test to justify your result.      (12 points)

Question 13f: Another manufacturer ran the test for 6 measurements with his established, old protocol and also performed 7 measurements with the standard protocol (new protocol). The old protocol yielded a standard deviation of 2.50 ng while the new protocol yielded a standard deviation of 1.60 ng. Can we assume at 95% confidence that the new technique is more precise than the old one? Perform a hypothesis test to justify your result.              (12 points)

Question 2: One Giga-mol is how much?                              (3 points) (a) 10-9 mol (b) 10-6 mol (c) 109 mol (d) 10-12 mol (e) 1015 mol

Question 11a: The fluoride content of American toothpaste is given as 0.14% (w/w) for most brands. A German toothpaste labels the fluoride content as 1400 ppm. a) Does the toothpaste contain the same concentration of fluoride? Compare the concentration (in molarity) of both kinds of toothpaste considering water as solvent (d = 1g/mL) to give your answer. (Molar mass of F- = 18.99 g/mol)                       (6 points)

Question 10: A solution contains 4.1 mM CaCO3 and 6.2 mM Na2CO3 and 4.6 mM BaCO3. The p-function for CO32- is _____.             (6 points)                                             

Question 13c: The standard deviation for the values obtained from the new polycarbonate bottle is 0.6. Provide the formula needed to calculate the sample standard deviation.          (4 points)

Question 6: Indeterminate errors do not affect precision.                                     (3 points) (a) True (b) False