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What are the genotypes of the individuals labeled 1, 2, and 3? 

In Section 12.3, “Laws of Inheritance,” an example of epistasis was given for the summer squash. Cross white WwYy heterozygotes to prove the phenotypic ratio of 12 white:3 yellow:1 green that was given in the text.

What is the function of the fused kinetochore found on sister chromatids in prometaphase I?

Can a human male be a carrier of red-green color blindness?

Why would an individual with a mutation that prevented the formation of recombination nodules be considered less fit than other members of its species?

How does the role of meiosis in gamete production differ between organisms with a diploid-dominant life cycle and organisms with an alternation of generations life cycle?

Histamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked receptor to initiate the itchiness and airway constriction associated with an allergic response. If a mutation in the associated G-protein’s alpha subunit prevented the hydrolysis of GTP how would the allergic response change?

How does PKC’s signaling role change in response to growth factor signaling versus an immune response?

What would happen if the intracellular domain of a cell-surface receptor was switched with the domain from another receptor?

HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase. In 30 percent of human breast cancers, HER2 is permanently activated, resulting in unregulated cell division. Lapatinib, a drug used to treat breast cancer, inhibits HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase autophosphorylation (the process by which the receptor adds phosphates onto itself), thus reducing tumor growth by 50 percent. Besides autophosphorylation, which of the following steps would be inhibited by Lapatinib?