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When you feel pain in a skeletal arm muscle, the signal starts at , which send the message through a first-order sensory neuron to the to make a with the second-order neuron. It then travels up to the via the spinothalamic tract , and finally reaches the cortex through a third-order neuron, where the pain is consciously perceived. To respond, the brain sends a signal from the cortex via an motor neuron, which connects to a lower motor neuron in the that activates the skeletal muscle. In total, this pain pathway involves three sensory neurons and motor neurons.

Which one of the following is NOT true about the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach)?

A neuron is receiving the graded potentials (GPs) as follows: +10mV, -15mV, and +20mV. If the resting membrane potential (RMP) is -70mV and the threshold is -55mV, an AP can happen. 

Jamel is a 40-year-old father of two who works as an academic advisor at the university. He reports chronic fatigue, decreased muscle strength, loss of libido, and erectile dysfunction developing gradually over the past 6 months. He also notes increased cold sensitivity, mild constipation, and a 12-lb weight gain. Over the last two months, he has noticed difficulty with peripheral vision, especially when driving. Headaches occur daily, mild to moderate, and located behind the eyes. He was recently diagnosed with a pituitary tumor, non-secreting.  Please answer the 3 prompts to discuss the challenges he may experience.   1) List all the hormones released by the anterior pituitary AND posterior pituitary using the memory tip I suggested in class. 2) What could happen to Jamel’s homeostasis if the pituitary tumor interferes with the hormonal function you listed in 1)? **Be specific for each hormonal malfunction by connecting them to the symptoms described. 3) How can his problems of vision be explained with the diagnosis of a pituitary tumor? What did I show and demonstrate for this problem in class?

As people age, saliva production often decreases due to factors like medication use, dehydration, or medical conditions, which can impair the dissolution of food molecules and lead to a reduced sense of taste. 

Click on or circle the spot where the neurotransmitters (NT) are binding to the postsynaptic receptors. 

What occurs during phase A of the action potential (AP) in a muscle fiber? Select ALL that apply.

As Mrs. Includer, I like to ask you again to do the following to sum up what we’ve learned in class. (And big shout out to you! yes you!! to come all the way up to this point. Thank you for being a great A & P learner!!) 1) List FOUR components of homeostasis with their definition. 2) Pick TWO organ systems to explain how they maintain homeostasis in your body. Be specific in their relationship. 3) What is your biggest takeaway from this class? Why? 4) If you are asked to answer someone interested in taking this course next semester, what is your advice for them?

Compare and Contrast the Muscular system vs. Nervous system based on their shared functions and distinct features. 

Which of the following tissues are capable of conducting action potentials (AP)?Select ALL that apply.