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The hearsay rule is important because history revealed that “defendants” in court were victimized by English Criminal Courts allowing anonymous accusers and absentee witnesses to testify against defendants.

Cross-examination has been called (by former Chief Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., 1841-1935 – wow! huh?), “The greatest legal truth finding procedure ever devised.”  The purpose of cross-examination is, therefore, to get at the “truth.”  [That means that the defense counsel is questioning the state’s witness and/or the prosecutor (representing the state) is questioning (examining) the defense’s witness.] This purpose of the process of “cross-examination” is to ____________ the opponents witness.

During a jury trial, the judge and jury listens to many witnesses and, perhaps, the defendant.  However, it is the sole responsibility of the judge to determine the credibility of all witnesses, including the defendant.

In the last question, which you hopefully answered TRUE (remember – you can’t go back or you’ll be booted out!), you learned that the prosecutor calls the first witness.  When the prosecutor or defense attorney is examining a witness they called, the examination is called direct examination. (i.e., prosecutor questioning the witness s/he called and same for the defense counselor).

_________________ evidence is evidence that _____________ proves a fact in issue.

If an EMS provider uses a 3 rd party services to submit data to the Registries, a legally binding agreement must exist between the EMS provider and the 3 rd party services and this document must be provided to the department.

Which of the following actions could result in disciplinary action taken against an EMS certificate holder or licensed paramedic’s certification?

During “Look at Evidence #2” in last question, the officer on the shoplifting call often has other more senior officers, supervisors (store managers and police seargents) review the evidence – Look # 3.

Even if the defendant is found guilty, the case may be argued to an appellate court.  (Look at Evidence #8).  Theoretically, the case could be denied by the appellate court and then go to ANOTHER appellate court…wow! huh? Answer TRUE But now, do you think the “regular folks” (not experts like you criminal justice evidence people) are “right” to basically take the law into their own hands.  I know, I know.  Nobody trusts the criminal justice system.  Try living in a place (oh, which is ANYWHERE in the world except the gool ‘ol USA) where the adversarial system is NOT used.  Good luck.

The initial appearance before a magistrate is a full adversarial hearing where lawyers are present and  evidence is heard.