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Because most mutations are deleterious, DNA repair systems are vital to the survival of all organisms. Considering the following statements, which ones are TRUE? 1) Living cells contain few DNA repair systems 2) DNA repair systems can fix different type of DNA alterations 3) In most cases, DNA repair is a multi-step process

In order to characterize the entire promoter for gene X, researchers cloned three regions of DNA that based upon their position and sequence could serve as a core promoter, a proximal promoter, or an enhancer element.  They subcloned each these regions into luciferase reporter constructs as described and depicted below. Construct A represents the luciferase vector without any promoter elements. Construct B represents the element in its normal position and orientation.  Construct C represents the element in its normal position, but in the reverse orientation. Construct D represents the element in a different position, but its normal orientation. Construct E represents the element in a different position AND in the reverse orientation.  The results below are for one of the three elements tested.  The darker color represents samples that had luciferase activity. Assuming all the control and additional requirements for transcription are correct and met, the test below represents [element] because it is position [reason1] and orientation [reason2].     .

Frameshift mutations involve the addition or deletion of a number of nucleotides that is not divisible by four.

Spontaneous mutations can arise by three types of chemical changes: 1.Depurination 2.Deamination 3.Tautomeric shift

Molecular Mechanisms That Underlie Epigenetic Gene Regulation may be: A) DNA methylation B) Chromatin remodeling C) Covalent histone modification D) Localization of histone variants E) Feedforward loop From all the above, the following is correct.

Genetic Linkage is the phenomenon that genes close together on a chromosome tend to be transmitted as different units, which influences inheritance patterns

How a point mutation can cause a missense mutation? How can this affect a cell?

BONUS QUESTION! Students that answer this question correctly will have 1 point added to their grade.   SIRS and sepsis refer to conditions of _________________ resulting from either extensive tissue damage (in the case of SIRS) or uncontrolled infection (in the case of sepsis).

BONUS QUESTION! Students that answer this question correctly will have 1/2 point added their grade.   Methotrexate is an antimetabolite.  What do antimetabolites do?

How many integers from 20 through 79 (inclusive) have distinct digits?