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With respect to salvation, Calvin argued:

In attempting to restore Catholicism in England, Queen Mary did all of the following EXCEPT:

Data from Figure 2 was generated by performing bacterial growth curves.  Name the 4 stages of a typical bacterial growth curve in order. Phase 1: Phase 2:  Phase 3: Phase 4:

HIV is a naked virus.

Robert Koch won the Nobel Prize in 1905 for establishing the Germ Theory of Disease when he used postulates to discover that the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis caused tuberculosis (TB).  Which of the following are included in Koch’s postulates?  Choose all that apply.

Describe how VapBC expression is regulated on a molecular level.  (6 sentences max) For full credit be sure to: Name and describe the function of all proteins involved in the regulation. Describe what is happening on a molecular level when the genes are transcribed. Describe what is happening on a molecular level when the genes are not transcribed.

Note: Answers may be used more than once.   Vaccines function by presenting that activate the immune system.  are recognized by on naive .  These cells phagocytize the pathogen and present a portion of the pathogen on their .  These pathogen-complex structures are recognized and bound by on .  These cells release that signal the to and into and .  This provides immunity.

Rabies is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.

TB infections usually start in the lungs as the bacteria is spread through aerosols and droplets.  This transmission method is similar to caused by .  For full credit include the complete genus and species name of the bacteria.

M. tuberculosis require oxygen and is a/an .  Data from was used to make this determination.