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Source and Role of Histamine in GI Tract: Where is histamine released in the GI tract, and what is its function?

Oral vs. IV Glucose and Insulin: A patient receives 50 g of glucose intravenously. Which statement is true about the insulin response?

Which of the following statement is correct if the concentration of inulin in Bowman’s space and late proximal tubule are identical?

The following are sets of arterial blood acid-base data obtained from several hospital patients.  Normal HCO3- is 24 mEq/L. Normal PCO2 is 40 mmHg. All patients have a normal plasma Na+ concentration.   Patient               pH                               HCO3- mEq/L                   PCO2 mmHg                      A                          6.85                                        10                                       60                                   B                          7.53                                        36                                       48                                    C                          7.80                                        15                                       10                                     D                          7.32                                        15                                       30             Which patient got diarrhea ?

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases sodium excretion by which of the following mechanisms ?

GI Pacemaker Cells: An electrogastrogram shows abnormally slow basal electrical rhythm (BER, slow waves) in a patient’s stomach. Which cells serve as the pacemaker for these slow waves?

Fasting Motility Hormone: Which hormone peaks between meals (fasting state) and what does it do?

Thermic Effect of Food: Which macronutrient requires all three phases of digestion (cephalic, gastric, intestinal) for full absorption and has the highest thermic effect of food (energy used in digestion)?

Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are determined by the vascular resistances in the afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles. What combination of changes in vascular resistances will result in an increase in GRF and an increase in renal blood flow?

Regulation of Sphincter of Oddi: The sphincter of Oddi (controlling bile/pancreatic juice entry into the duodenum) relaxes in response to: