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In the electron transport chain (ETC) of cellular respiration, the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 give up electrons to protein complexes of the ETC. What happens to these NADH and FADH2 molecules during this process?

Which of the following statements best describes the function of an enzyme and its effect on a chemical reaction?

Oxygenic photosynthesis is the type performed by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, which releases oxygen. Anoxygenic photosynthesis, performed by other bacteria, does not release oxygen. What is a key similarity between these two processes?

CO2 fixation and nitrogen fixation are both essential processes for life. Why are these processes critical for the formation of biological macromolecules?

In human saliva, the enzyme amylase breaks down the starch in foods such as potatoes, rice, and pasta into smaller sugar subunits including its monomer glucose. This process begins in the mouth. If amylase were not present in saliva, the breakdown of starch would still occur, but at a much slower rate. What is the role of salivary amylase in this reaction?

Individuals with lactose intolerance can sometimes consume yogurt or cheese and experience fewer symptoms than with milk. Which of the following best explains why this is the case?

During intense exercise, your muscle cells may not receive enough oxygen to continue aerobic respiration. To continue producing a small amount of ATP, the cells resort to fermentation. What is the primary purpose of fermentation in this scenario?

Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plant cells. Based on the theory of endosymbiosis, which of the following provides the strongest evidence for their evolutionary origin?

Which of the following foods increase the risk for constipation?

Which is not a complication of diarrhea?