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​The 1905 Russian Revolution​The Battle of the Somme​The Battle of Tannenberg​Birds of Passage​Chain Migration​Colonial Subject Soldiers​Corvee​The Electric Streetcar​The First New Deal​The Gallipoli Campaign​Gulags​H. G. Wells​Half Government​James Joyce​Keynesian Economics​Lebensraum​Marcel Duchamp​Mise en Valeur​Oil Palm​Otto von Bismarck​Paul Nash​The Rite of Spring​The Second Industrial Revolution​The Second New Deal​Sir Basil Zaharoff​Soccer​The Telegraph​Tennis​The Treaty of Versailles​Triumph of the Will

Part 3 Essay Question (40%): Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability. You may find it helpful to write out a brief outline of the essay before you begin writing.Choose ONE (1):Explain the outcome of World War II. Why did the Allies win, why did the Axis lose? Be detailed, and examine the various arguments historians have presented as potential answers to this question. Which of these arguments (or combination of arguments) do you find most compelling? Which arguments do you believe are insufficient in terms of explaining the outcome of the war?Trace the spread of communism following World War II. Where did communism spread during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s? How did these new communist countries differ from one another? What major challenges did new communist countries face, and how did their leaders seek to mitigate these challenges? What groups of people generally supported their new communist governments and what groups of people were marginalized by the new state?Chart the progression of Latin American populism that began in the 1950s and continued for several decades. What Latin American countries saw a wave of populism during this time? Who were the populist leaders and what were their demands? How did the United States subvert populist governments in Latin America? What led to the decline of Latin American populism? Describe the violence, oppression, and economic ruin that typified the successors to these populist governments.

[BLANK-1] was held during the Summer of 1945 and featured American President Harry S Truman, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. This occurred following the defeat of Nazi Germany and these Allied powers met to discuss the post-war peace process and future of the world following the horrors of World War II. This was the first Allied meeting for Truman, who had replaced the recently deceased FDR and Churchill would be replaced in the middle of the meeting by Clement Attlee after losing his re-election bid. The Allies agreed that an unconditional surrender was necessary from the Axis Powers to end the war and Truman informed his allies about the creation of a new superweapon: the atomic bomb.

In Mexico during the twentieth century, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) dominated politics and held a monopoly over most public offices, labor unions, and federations of businessmen. [BLANK-1] was a member of the PRI who came to power in Mexico following the 1968 Tlatelolco Massacre. He was a populist who nationalized utilities and increased social spending. He developed projects through projected future earnings from Mexico’s state oil monopoly (PEMEX). That policy proved disastrous, however, once oil prices dipped in the 1980s and Mexico was unable to make payments on its foreign debt and devalued the peso.

The Bloodlands of Eastern Europe were particularly brutal for Jews during the Holocaust. As the front lines moved back and forth, Jews had to navigate the violence perpetrated by the Nazi Germans, anti-Semitic Soviets, and their neighbors who may turn them into the authorities in order to gain favor with them. Historian Timothy Snyder referred to this delicate balancing act as being caught between [BLANK-1].

When a military junta took power in Argentina in 1976, they targeted critics of the regime and potential subversives. In short order, they made as many as 30,000 people “disappear” (in reality most were secretly killed by the government but some were imprisoned). This process came to be known as [BLANK-1]. Mothers and grandmothers of those who had been “disappeared” began marching in front of the presidential palace at the Plaza de Mayo holding pictures of their missing children with signs reading “where are they?”. Babies born to pregnant women who gave birth in detention were secretly given up for adoption to pro-government families, the police, or the armed forces. Most of those who were “disappeared” were never heard from again.

[BLANK-1] was a political ideology that emerged in the early nineteenth century in response to the French Revolution. It appealed mostly to workers and some intellectuals, but was a relatively obscure movement before 1848. Adherents of this political ideology viewed the French Revolution as the beginning of ever-greater social justice (particularly the revolutionary values of fraternity and equality) and pushed for more extreme changes to society. This ideology promoted state economic planning, state control of property, and a greater economic equality for the masses. Key supporters include Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen.

Now the French National Anthem, [BLANK-1] was a war-time song that developed in southern France during the more radical phases of the French Revolution. The lyrics of the song (such as “to arms, citizens, form your battalions, let’s march, let’s march, until impure blood waters the furrows of our fields” and “may your perishing enemies see your triumph and our glory” illustrate the nationalist ideology that was present in France at the time and the violent, warlike attitude that went with defending the fatherland.

[BLANK-1] was a political philosophy that developed during the early nineteenth century in response to the French Revolution. Adherents of this political ideology viewed the French Revolution as a triumphant moment but believed there was no need to go much further. They promoted freedom from government control, freedom of the press, free speech, free assembly, freedom from arbitrary arrest, and the protection of property rights. This ideology appealed to the middle class and supporters favored a restricted franchise of mostly elite men; few pushed for more radical brands of change such as democracy or republicanism. Key supporters include Alexis de Tocqueville, Jeremy Bentham, and Adam Smith. 

A French political cartoon we have reviewed in this class satirized the Berlin Conference of 1884 (a conference of European imperial powers who met up to partition Africa amongst themselves). In the cartoon, the Chancellor of Germany, [BLANK-1], holds a large knife and has cut up a cake with the word “Afrique” (French for Africa) on it. Astonished Europeans stare at him as they wait to receive their piece of the cake (Africa). This cake-cutting German Chancellor was one of the most ardent proponents of European Neo-Imperialism in Africa and was the de facto host of the Berlin Conference.