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James & Marta are married. James earned wages of $145,000 and had municipal bond interest income of $1,500. Marta earned wages of $100,000, paid mortgage interest of $6,000 on her home, charitable deductions of $10,000, and she made a traditional IRA contribution of $5,000. Neither James nor Marta participates in an employer sponsored retirement plan. What is James & Marta’s taxable income?

Jessie, a single taxpayer, received $24,000 of Social Security retirement benefits in 2025. Jessie also received $5,000 of interest income and $75,000 of income from her retirement plan during the year. How much of Jessie’s Social Security benefits must be included in her gross income? 

Which of the following statements about mutations is true? (select the one best answer)

In class we discussed lactase persistence, a human trait that recently evolved by natural selection.  In class, you drew a graph showing how natural selection led to a change in lactase persistence over time in areas with access to milk from cows.  Below, I gave you the basic graph framework you used in class.  1.  Sketch this graph, drawing a line to represent the frequency of lactase persistence over time in an area with access to milk (blank graph shown).  (2 points) 2.  Explain in 3-4 steps, how lactase persistence would evolve by natural selection.  (3 points)

Which core principle of information security including Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability does Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) directly support? (Select the best answer choice.)

What is the main purpose of the verification algorithm in Message Authentication Code (MAC)?

  A 4.1 kg mass with an initial velocity of 9 m/s [east] collides with a second mass of 5.2 kg that is initially stationary. After the collision, the second mass has a velocity of 6.5 m/s [E 26 degrees N]. a) solve for the velocity of the first mass after the collision. b) explain how you would solve for the % elasticity of the collision.

Which Data Encryption Standard (DES) modes can best be used for authentication?

  Solve for the electric field strength at a location that is 8m [East 20 degrees North] of a +2.1C charge and 6m [South 40 degrees East] of a -3.2C charge.

The main change from MD4 to MD5 includes__________. (Select the best answer choice.)