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Reading for Questions 1 – 3 “The Americas were discovered in 1492, and the first Christian settlements established by the Spanish the following year…. [I]t would seem… that the  Almighty selected this part of the world as home to the greater part of the human race…. [T]heir delicate constitutions make them unable to withstand hard work or suffering and render them liable to succumb to almost any illness, no matter how mild. . . . It was upon these gentle lambs… that, from the very first day they clapped eyes on them, the Spanish fell like ravening wolves upon the fold, or like tigers and savage lions who have not eaten meat for days. . . . The native population, which once numbered some five hundred thousand, was wiped out by forcible expatriation to the island of Hispaniola.” Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1552  Question: Which of the following most directly resulted from the change in the Native American population described by Las Casas?

Reading for questions 14 – 15  “[S]ince a report had been made to the king on the fertility of the soil by [Sieur de Monts] and by me on the feasibility of discovering the passage to China, . . . his Majesty directed Sieur de Monts to make a new outfit, and send men to continue what he had commenced. . . . He was also influenced by the hope of greater advantages in case of settling in the interior, where the people are civilized,… than along the sea-shore, where the [natives] generally dwell. From this course, he believed the king would derive an inestimable profit; for it is easy to suppose that Europeans will seek out this advantage rather than those of a jealous and intractable disposition to be found on the shores.” Samuel de Champlain, French explorer, 1604 Question: French exploration of North America, as reflected in the excerpt, most directly contributed to which of the following?

Questions 18 – 20 This image “Number of Indentured Servants and Slaves Per Probate Inventory. York County, Virginia, 1637 – 1705”  Question 20: Looking at the above graph, in which years were slaves most popular?

“As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the… basis for social improvement…. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products.” — Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, published in 2007 One major change in United States politics from the 1820s to the mid-1850s was the:

“In exercising the power of regulating their own purely internal affairs, whether of trading or police, the states may sometimes enact laws, the validity of which depends on their interference with, and being contrary to, an act of Congress passed in pursuance of the Constitution…. Should this collision exist, it will be immaterial whether those laws were passed in virtue of a concurrent power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states, or in virtue of a power to regulate their domestic trade and police…. This court is of opinion that so much of the several laws of the state of New York as prohibits vessels, licensed according to the laws of the United States, from navigating the waters of the state of New York, by means of fire or steam, is repugnant to the said Constitution and void.”  — United States Supreme Court, Gibbons v Ogden, 1824 Which of the following broader context most directly contributed to the conflict described in the excerpt? 

The peculiarity of [the founding of the United States] is that, even as the nation legitimated itself in the principle of consent… it confronted a stubbornly entrenched institution that seemed to epitomize the very denial of consent, the very antithesis of liberal government: the widespread institution of African slavery…. [In Virginia] slaves labored on the plantations of [Thomas] Jefferson, [James] Madison, and [George] Washington, among others…. not only did this vast [enslaved] population personify what the lack of consent could mean, it also raised the possibility that slaves might not retain their status forever; that they might rise up…just as white Americans had done…. “How could a young nation reconcile slavery with the principle of consent and self-government?”  — Francois Furstenberg, historian, In the Name of the Father; Washington’s Legacy, Slavery, and the Making of a Nation, 2006 Which of the following developments in the early 1800s was meant, in part, to increase the role of the people’s consent in government? 

Fig. 1 included in this article shares a conceptual framework for integrating STEM education. The article further elaborates on Fig.1 and its use. Explain Fig. 1 and how this framework can allow teachers to identify the knowledge and skills needed to effectively integrate science with technology, engineering design, and mathematics.  Use 10-12 well constructed sentences to answer the question.

According to the article, Equitable STEM Instruction and Assessment: Accessibility and Fairness Considerations for Special Populations, there are several contemporary instructional approaches to consider. Share the five promising instructional strategies listed in the article.

What were the main factors that caused the development cost of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner to increase from $6 billion to over $30 billion?

What specific challenge does the speaker’s PhD thesis address?