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direct treatment of the contents of the body cavities and the lumina of the hollow viscera; usually accomplished by aspiration and injection of chemicals using a trocar.

OSHA (29 CFR 1910.1048) regulation limiting the amount of occupational exposure to formaldehyde.

A 9-year-old boy presents with hematuria two weeks after a sore throat. Labs: creatinine 1.6 mg/dL (normal 0.6–1.2), RBC casts on urinalysis. Which process explains his condition?

A 19-year-old college student reports foul-smelling vaginal discharge. Wet mount shows clue cells. Which process explains her infection?

A 58-year-old man presents with flank pain and hematuria. CT reveals a renal mass with invasion into the renal vein. Which process explains his condition?

A 38-year-old woman reports pelvic pain and abnormal bleeding. Pelvic exam reveals an enlarged, irregular uterus. Which process explains her condition?

A 62-year-old man presents with chronic back pain and hematuria. CT reveals a renal mass invading the renal vein. Which process explains his malignancy?

A 9-year-old boy presents with bone pain and swelling near the knee. X-ray shows a destructive metaphyseal lesion with periosteal lifting (Codman triangle). Biopsy reveals malignant osteoid production. Which process explains his malignancy?

A 38-year-old patient presents with fluctuating diplopia and ptosis that worsen throughout the day and improve with rest. Edrophonium (or ice pack) test transiently improves symptoms; acetylcholine receptor antibodies are positive. Which process is responsible?

A 66-year-old woman reports flashes of light followed by sudden painless vision loss described as a curtain over her right eye. Fundus exam reveals a detached retina. Which process explains her disease?