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In 2-3 paragraphs discuss how something you’ve learned this semester (a concept, for example) has helped you re-think something about your intended PhD project. Note: This could be something you discuss in your final essay, so you can use this opportunity as a way to brainstorm.

What base pairing patterns in DNA are described by Chargaff’s Rule?

What does nondisjunction mean, and during which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids finally separated?

In the test subjects ATP remained available in biopsied muscle despite the subjects being exhausted to the extent that further work could be performed without any oxygen.  

A respiratory therapist needs to give report to another therapist who is taking over a patient. Where is an appropriate place to give report?   I. RT department II. Nursing station III. Hallway IV. Patient’s room

As a general rule, decreased salivary flow resulting in dry mouth is due to systemic causes, which can include all of the following, except:

EKG assessment can reveal the presence of Brugada syndrome which:    

How is a silent mutation defined?

What method can be invoked in order to identify whether a column contains NAs from  from a data frame?

DNA Replication Fidelity Study Researchers investigated the relationship between DNA replication accuracy and cancer development. They examined three groups of cells: Group A: Normal cells with fully functional DNA polymerase proofreading, mismatch repair, and nucleotide excision repair Group B: Cells with a mutation that reduces DNA polymerase proofreading efficiency by 80% Group C: Cells with mutations in both DNA polymerase proofreading and the p53 tumor suppressor gene The cells were grown for 50 generations and analyzed for mutation accumulation and cell cycle progression. During S phase, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3′ end of the growing strand, synthesizing the leading strand continuously and the lagging strand in Okazaki fragments. Proofreading occurs when DNA polymerase detects mismatched base pairs and uses its 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity to remove incorrect nucleotides. prolif.jpg Based on the passage and data, which statement best explains why Group C showed both the highest mutation rate AND continued proliferation despite DNA damage?