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Monetary sanctions, better known as ___________, can be traced back to the early common-law practice of requiring that compensation be paid to the victim and the state for criminal acts.

Many substance-involved inmates report that they were not under the influence of drugs and alcohol at the time of their offense.

Pretrial detention is the official beginning of the correctional process.

By the 1890s, the medical model was implemented in correctional institutions throughout the United States.

Which early correctional model was based on the belief that most prisoners could benefit from the actual experience of incarceration?

According to the “just desserts” philosophy, punishment is a justified only when it conforms to what the guilty deserves, no more and no less.

The general public’s reaction to crime has a major influence on the types of punishable behavior and the punishments that are acceptable at a given time.

The trade name used by the Federal Prison Industries is __________________:

The trend worldwide is to:

How are illegal immigrants dealt with in the American correctional system?