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Mrs. Carter, a 54-year-old woman, was brought to the emergen…

Mrs. Carter, a 54-year-old woman, was brought to the emergency department after being found confused and sweating profusely at home. Her partner noted she had not eaten much in the past 24 hours due to feeling ill. On examination, she is disoriented, pale, heart rate is 120 bpm, BP is 92/54 mmHg, RR is 28, temperature is 37.8°C. Her skin is cool and clammy. Lab results show a blood glucose of 48 mg/dL. Her record shows no history of diabetes. She became drowsy and required close monitoring.     Which of the following signs in Mrs. Carter best indicates activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system in response to stress?

Mrs. Carter, a 54-year-old woman, was brought to the emergen…

Mrs. Carter, a 54-year-old woman, was brought to the emergency department after being found confused and sweating profusely at home. Her partner noted she had not eaten much in the past 24 hours due to feeling ill. On examination, she is disoriented, pale, heart rate is 120 bpm, BP is 92/54 mmHg, RR is 28, temperature is 37.8°C. Her skin is cool and clammy. Lab results show a blood glucose of 48 mg/dL. Her record shows no history of diabetes. She became drowsy and required close monitoring.     If Mrs. Carter’s hypotension and confusion progress without treatment, which stage of shock will she likely enter next?

Mrs. Carter, a 54-year-old woman, was brought to the emergen…

Mrs. Carter, a 54-year-old woman, was brought to the emergency department after being found confused and sweating profusely at home. Her partner noted she had not eaten much in the past 24 hours due to feeling ill. On examination, she is disoriented, pale, heart rate is 120 bpm, BP is 92/54 mmHg, RR is 28, temperature is 37.8°C. Her skin is cool and clammy. Lab results show a blood glucose of 48 mg/dL. Her record shows no history of diabetes. She became drowsy and required close monitoring. Which of the following best describes the abnormal cellular metabolism occurring in Mrs. Carter?

Mr. Daniels, a 73-year-old male with a history of hypertensi…

Mr. Daniels, a 73-year-old male with a history of hypertension and mild chronic kidney disease, arrives in the Emergency Department after a 3-day episode of vomiting and diarrhea from presumed gastroenteritis. In the last 24 hours, he has barely eaten or drunk anything and feels extremely weak and dizzy when standing. Initial Assessment: Vital signs: T 36.2°C, HR 114, BP 86/54 (lying), 68/48 (sitting), RR 24, SpO₂ 97% (RA) Physical exam: Poor skin turgor, dry oral mucosa, cool extremities, decreased capillary refill Neuro: Alert but fatigued, periodic confusion Urine Output: 150 mL over the last 12 hours Labs: Na+ = 150 mmol/L (135-145) K+ = 3.0 mmol/L (3.5-5.0) Cl- = 112 mmol/L (98-106) HCO₃⁻ = 17 mmol/L (22-28) BUN = 42 mg/dL (7-20) Creatinine = 2.0 mg/dL (baseline 1.3 two months ago) Glucose = 98 mg/dL ABG: pH 7.30, PaCO₂ 32 mmHg, HCO₃⁻ 17 mmol/L, PaO₂ 96 mmHg Current Orders: Two large-bore IV lines placed Isotonic saline at 150 mL/hr Continuous cardiac monitoring Strict intake and output STAT repeat labs and telemetry updates ordered Based on labs and ABG, which metabolic acid-base disorder does Mr. Daniels have?