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The anterior/ventral gray horn is identified by the number ____, in the image below.

In the image below, the globus pallidum is identified by the number ____.

Achondroplasia is the most common, lethal form of skeletal dysplasia that presents with short, curved femurs and a severe cloverleaf skull.

Exposure to teratogens like valproic acid, ____________, and oligohydramnios are all non-genetic causes of craniosynostosis.

What grading criteria does a proficiency testing program use to grade the reported sample results from its participating laboratories? 

A 22-year-old woman presents with primary amenorrhea and cyclic pelvic pain. Physical exam reveals a shortened vagina and no visible cervix. Imaging confirms a hypoplastic uterus and obstructed vaginal canal. On further history, the patient reports that her mother took a nonsteroidal estrogen during early pregnancy. Which of the following medications is most likely responsible for this patient’s congenital anomaly?

Identify the brain structure/region label with the number 3 in the image below:  

A 6-month-old infant presents with an abnormally elongated and narrow skull. On exam, the anterior fontanelle is closed, and there is a palpable ridge along the midline of the skull. CT confirms early fusion of a midline calvarial suture. Which suture is prematurely fused, and which bones are involved?

Which of the following sites is least likely to be involved in metastatic osteosarcoma?

A 55-year-old man presents with ptosis, diplopia, and inability to move the right eye in most directions. He also has loss of corneal reflex and facial numbness in the forehead and upper eyelid. CT reveals a mass impinging on the superior orbital fissure. Which cranial nerves are affected, and which cranial fossa does this foramen belong to?