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True or false, exams are NOT cumulative.

Identify the patient populations at greatest risk for osmotic demyelination syndrome in the setting of chronic hyponatremia. Select all that apply. 

Which of the following patient scenarios indicates a hyperkalemic emergency? Select all that apply. 

A 70-year-old male with chronic kidney disease (stage 4) presents to the emergency department with weakness and nausea. He has a history of hypertension and is on lisinopril and spironolactone. Physical exam reveals decreased skin turgor, no edema, regular to tachy heart rate, no JVD, and clear lung sounds. Vital signs: BP 89/58 mmHg, HR 95 bpm, RR 18/min, Temp 98.2F The AGACNP obtains an ECG while awaiting laboratory results. The ECG shows peaked T-waves. Based on this ECG finding, what condition should the AGACNP be MOST concerned for?

What component in the emergent treatment of hyperkalemia stabilizes the cardiac membrane by decreasing excitability? 

*Bonus Question* Two points will be added to the final exam grade for answering the following question correctly. No penalty for incorrect answers.  Pulmonary artery hypertension is diagnosed via . 

The AGACNP is called to evaluate a patient for potential airway management. Which finding would constitute an indication for emergent endotracheal intubation? 

Which vertebral interspace represents the optimal anatomical location for lumbar puncture needle insertion?

A red band on a finishing bur indicates that it has how many blades?