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Lumbar puncture is insertion of a hollow needle into the subarachnoid space between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae to withdraw samples of cerebrospinal fluid for analysis and to measure the pressure; also called spinal puncture and spinal tap.

is the visual inspection of the upper digestive tract and the stomach to obtain specimens of gastric contents and perform a biopsy on the stomach tissues.  is the inspection of the entire large intestine for polyps, areas of inflammation, and malignant lesions. 

Laboratory examinations of blood, urine, and other body fluids and tissues provide accurate information about the function of various organs and physiologic mechanisms. 

Which of the following would be appropriate for a patient on a clear liquid diet?

Factors that can affect the therapeutic process regardless of the particular intervention include:       

The role of child life specialists is to:  

Getting a blood test that looks at cholesterol levels is an example of:

An example of an “impure” placebo is:

In the sham knee surgery study described in lecture, the patients who got the sham surgery

According to the meta-analytic study of interventions with heart failure patients discussed in lecture