Complete this phrase from Bruce Hoffman, featured in your re…

Complete this phrase from Bruce Hoffman, featured in your readings and slides: “..without the ________ __________ the act’s impact is arguably wasted, remaining narrowly confined to the immediate victim(s) of the attack rather than reaching the wider ‘target audience’ at whom the terrorists’ violence is actually aimed.”

In his lecture, Hoffman mentioned that over the years, as ea…

In his lecture, Hoffman mentioned that over the years, as early as 2001, radical leaders encouraged their followers to “attack the infidels in their own homelands” if they couldn’t join the caliphate. Why did Hoffman say this took until 2014 to take hold as a method of terror around the world?