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A 74-year-old woman presents after a fall with hip pain. Imaging shows a femoral neck fracture. DXA scan reveals T-score –2.9 (normal ≥ –1.0). Which pathophysiologic process explains her fracture risk?

A 57-year-old man presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and blurred vision. HbA1c is 9.8% (normal

A 42-year-old Jewish woman with lupus presents with erythematous malar rash. Which process explains her dermatologic finding?

A 60-year-old woman from Mexico presents with thickened scaling plaques on her elbows and nail pitting. Which process explains her illness?

A 36-year-old woman presents with rash after hiking. Exam: linear vesicles along forearm. Which process explains her rash?

A 45-year-old woman presents with hypertension, easy bruising, and weight gain. She notes mood swings but denies psychiatric history. Exam reveals truncal obesity and purple striae. 24-hour urinary cortisol is elevated. Which process explains her disease?

A 61-year-old man presents to clinic with irregularly irregular pulse and fatigue. Which process explains his arrhythmia?

A 32-year-old woman presents with vesicular rash along thoracic dermatome. Which process explains her illness?

A 47-year-old Hispanic woman presents with scaly plaques on her elbows and nail pitting. Which process explains her disease?

A 61-year-old man from China presents with confusion and weakness. Labs: Hb 8.8 (normal 13.5–17.5), MCV 118 (normal 80–96), B12 92 (normal: 200–900). Which process explains his anemia?