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A 62-year-old woman presents with a breast lump. Exam reveals a hard, irregular breast mass with skin dimpling. Biopsy shows malignant epithelial cells. Which process explains her disease?

A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share electrons.

A 66-year-old man presents with decreased urine output and confusion. Labs: creatinine 6.1 mg/dL (normal 0.6–1.2), GFR 12 mL/min (normal >90), potassium 6.5 mEq/L (normal 3.5–5.0). Which pathophysiologic process explains his illness?

A 62-year-old man presents with jaundice, ascites, and confusion. Labs: AST 145 U/L (normal 10–40 U/L), ALT 130 U/L (normal 7–56 U/L), INR 2.0 (normal 0.8–1.2). Which process explains his disease?

A 55-year-old woman presents with vaginal bleeding. Endometrial biopsy shows atypical glandular cells. Which process explains her disease?

procedure that limits exposure to drainage by attaching tubing to a drain tube allowing drainage to flow directly from a vein into a sanitary disposal system.

direct treatment of the contents of the body cavities and the lumina of the hollow viscera; usually accomplished by aspiration and injection of chemicals using a trocar.

OSHA (29 CFR 1910.1048) regulation limiting the amount of occupational exposure to formaldehyde.

A 9-year-old boy presents with hematuria two weeks after a sore throat. Labs: creatinine 1.6 mg/dL (normal 0.6–1.2), RBC casts on urinalysis. Which process explains his condition?

A 19-year-old college student reports foul-smelling vaginal discharge. Wet mount shows clue cells. Which process explains her infection?