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Suppose a team of researchers studied the association between arsenic exposure and skin cancer using a case-control study. The researchers were interested in studying smoking as an effect modifier of the association between arsenic exposure and skin cancer. To determine if smoking is an effect modifier, the researchers compared the observed joint exposure odds ratio to the expected joint exposure odds ratio. The observed joint exposure odds ratio was 2.37 and the expected joint exposure odds ratio was 1.93.    What is the correct conclusion based on the available information presented above?

Suppose a researcher was interested in investigating bone fractures as a potential exposure affecting pneumonia (i.e., lung infection). To study this, the researcher decided to sample individuals who attended the emergency room (ER) of Tampa General Hospital, because bone fractures and pneumonia are both reasons for attending the ER.    What form of selection bias may affect the results from this study?

Case 1 (Questions 11-13) Suppose a team of researchers conducts a case-control study on the association between hypertension and stroke among adults aged 50 and older in Florida. For this study, the researchers selected Floridian adults aged 50 and older who experienced a stroke as the cases. As controls, the researchers selected Floridian adults aged 50 or older who did not experience a stroke. To assess each participant’s exposure status, the researchers asked the participants to fill out a questionnaire in which the participants were asked to retrospectively report if they have had hypertension in the past. When is the measurement error in hypertension in case 1 differential? (max. 4 points)

______________ is a hook shaped bacteria that causes leptospirosis. 

Case 1 (Questions 11-13) Suppose a team of researchers conducts a case-control study on the association between hypertension and stroke among adults aged 50 and older in Florida. For this study, the researchers selected Floridian adults aged 50 and older who experienced a stroke as the cases. As controls, the researchers selected Floridian adults aged 50 or older who did not experience a stroke. To assess each participant’s exposure status, the researchers asked the participants to fill out a questionnaire in which the participants were asked to retrospectively report if they have had hypertension in the past. What source of measurement error could affect the measurement of hypertension in case 1? (2 points) Explain why you chose this source of measurement error (2 points).

Which of the following would most likely transmit tularemia? 

Which of the following conditions would be associated with Rickettsia rickettsii? 

What shape is Treponema pallidum?

Which of the following conditions would most likely be associated with Escherichia coli? 

Given Ka(HCl) = 1.3*106 (not a typo: HCl is a strong acid with Ka >> 1). What is the standard free energy for