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Later revealed to have been the great-grandson of Altan Khan, [BLANK-1] played a significantly role in converting the many Mongols to Tibetan Buddhism and in easing the relations between the Mongols and the Ming Dynasty in China. Buddhism’s emphasis on non-violence helped to pacify the Mongol military threat to China.

Asian migration patterns in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century sparked ethnic anxieties in the West and led to racially discriminatory immigration policies in some areas. Perceived cultural differences and domestic concerns led some countries to legally discriminate against Chinese immigration in particular. One example was [BLANK-1] which was in place from 1901-1970 and restricted Asian immigration.

[BLANK-1] was a seventeenth-century Jewish woman and memoirist whose written accounts detailed the hardships and persecutions that Jews faced in Early-Modern Europe. She raised 13 children and took over her husband’s business interests after his death. She guided her sons to successful careers and provided dowries for her daughters.

[BLANK-1] were female sex slaves common among the wealthy. Sultans maintained a practice of having a harem of these women with whom they fathered children as heirs to the throne rather than marrying. One notable counterexample to this was Suleiman the Magnificent, who married Hürrem, a woman who had previously been his sex slave.

During the Ashikaga Shogunate, particularly in Kyoto, a distinct and elegant style developed called [BLANK-1]. Influenced by Zen Buddhism, this style praised imperfections, austerity, and simplicity. Examples include the austere Silver Pavillion built by Shogun Yoshimasa and the development of the Japanese Tea Ceremony, which celebrated the imperfections of misshapen cups and pots.

Matteo Ricci and others criticized [BLANK-1], a cultural pastime of wealthy urbanites who Ricci felt were addicted to the practice. The practice would often be hosted as part of a banquet held by a rich socialite and could last up to ten hours.

The predominant economic system of Early-Modern Europe was [BLANK-1]. It aimed at increasing state power through governmental policies that allowed for greater state regulation of the economy. The system was based on the idea that a nation’s international power was directly based on its wealth, particularly its supply of gold and silver. This ideology presumed that wealth was finite and that the acquisition of wealth was a zero-sum game (the acquisition of wealth by one country meant the loss of wealth by another) and contributed to rising competition between states and even outright warfare in the pursuit of wealth.

First established by Oliver Cromwell in England in 1651, then extended later in the century, [BLANK-1] served as a form of economic warfare against the Netherlands. These policies damaged Dutch shipping and by the end of the century helped England surpass the Netherlands as Europe’s greatest naval force in terms of shipping, commerce, trade, and settlement. They required most goods imported to England and Scotland to be carried on British-owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the imported items.

A vassal of Oda Nobunaga, [BLANK-1] avenged the death of his lord and by 1590 completed the unification of Japan. He was the first ruler in 200 years to bring all of Japan under his rule. He had been a peasant’s son who rose through the ranks through his military prowess; however, once he became the Japanese ruler, he instituted reforms such as the Great Sword Hunt that deprived commoners from owning weapons and rising through the ranks as he had. Further, he placed restrictions on the samurai and prohibited them from leaving their lord’s service.

In 1703, a Hungarian prince named [BLANK-1] led a serious rebellion against the Habsburg-dominated empire in Austria and the German-speaking provinces. While the rebellion was eventually quelled, the conflict allowed Hungary to receive a number of important concessions from the Habsburgs in exchange for the country’s acceptance of Habsburg rule.