2. Emile Durkheim believed that criminals actually provide v…

2. Emile Durkheim believed that criminals actually provide value to the community by:   a.  creating jobs in the fields of law enforcement and corrections.   b.  establishing the parameters of acceptable behavior.   c.  giving citizens a common enemy to unite around.   d.  motivating citizens to take better care of their possessions and homes.

According to the text, there are five essential elements to…

According to the text, there are five essential elements to the definition of punishment. Which of the following is not one of these five elements?   a.  There are at least two persons involved.   b.  The person who inflicts the punishment causes a certain harm to the person who is being punished.   c.  The person who inflicts the punishment has been authorized, under a system of rules or laws, to harm the person who is punished in this particular way.   d.  The person who is being punished has been identified and judged by his/her victim.