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Question 1: Explain the Warburg effect. Your answer should include the experiment & accompanying discovery that first described the phenomenon (2 pts), a basic modern-day working definition that includes the primary pathway(s) that (is/are) influenced (1 pt), a mention of its impact on/control of cellular bioenergetics (1 pt) and utility for current cancer diagnostic imaging (1 pt).

Question 8: Using DNMT3A or H3K27M as an example, explain why one epigenetic mutation can affect thousands of genes.

Question 4: Describe the basis for 131I therapy (5 pts). This should include which cancer(s) this can treat and how/why it is effective.

Which condition is a risk if a dermal puncture is performed too deep on an infant’s heel, puncturing the bone?

According to CLSI standards, a tourniquet should not be applied for longer than: 

For a patient on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM), what is the difference between a Trough level and a Peak level specimen timing?

What is the maximum recommended depth for a heel puncture on an infant? 

Explain the difference between a Serum specimen and a Plasma specimen, including the role of the tube additive.

The formation of a collection of blood under the skin following a venipuncture is called a(n): 

A nurse in a clinic is reviewing the lab values of a client who has primary hypothyroidism. The nurse should anticipate changes in which of the following lab values?