Blog

Diagram/Essay Question: Provide a diagram and a narrative paragraph using your own words and sentence structure to fully answer the following question. Make sure to provide enough detail to address all points of the question.   Diagram, illustrate, or describe in detail how the carbohydrates that we ingest get chemically/enzymatically digested. Your answer should include the details of carbohydrate digestion in all parts of the digestive tract, the accessory digestive organs involved, the chemicals and enzymes responsible for digesting carbohydrates, the source and activation of the chemicals and enzymes, and the breakdown products. You do not need to include information about mechanical digestion in your answer, nor do you need to include information about absorption in your answer.  Your answer should be detailed, comprehensive, and specific. Tip: You may want to use your scratch paper to diagram or illustrate your thoughts as you brainstorm your answer. If so, you can upload it as a file submission in the next question.

    Give the full name of the structure indicated with the red arrow. Ignore the other label.

Short Answer: Use your own words or phrases or sentence structure to correctly answer the question. Make sure to provide enough detail to address all points of the question.   Name at least four unicellular glands in the epithelial layer lining the gastric lumen and/or gastric pits/glands, and then name all of the substances that each cell secretes.

Extra Credit (3pts):   Which do you think would cause more problems for the affected person: deficiency in pancreatic amylase or deficiency in pepsin? Explain briefly.

Extra Credit (3pts):    Would it be possible for a woman whose ovaries have been removed to carry an IVF (in-vitro fertilization) pregnancy to term? If so, would she require any special treatments? Explain briefly.

Is the statement below true or false? Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits Na/K pumps on the basolateral membrane of the principal cells in the collecting duct.

Which of the three options (given above) for question 54 do you prefer to answer?

Diagram/Essay Question: Provide a diagram and a narrative paragraph using your own words and sentence structure to fully answer the following question. Make sure to provide enough detail to address all points of the question.   Diagram, illustrate, or describe in detail the process of glucose reabsorption across both membranes in the tubule cells and describe how it is linked to sodium reabsorption. Include the location in the nephron where it occurs, regulating hormones (if applicable), protein channel/pump up-regulation or down-regulation (if applicable), protein channel/pump activation or inhibition (if applicable), and ion movement (if applicable). Your answer should be detailed, comprehensive, and specific. Tip: You may want to use your scratch paper to diagram or illustrate your thoughts as you brainstorm your answer. If so, you can upload it as a file submission in the next question.

  Give the full name of the muscle indicated with the yellow star. Ignore the other labels.

Which of the two options (given above) for question 39 do you prefer to answer?