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An early example of British colonists’ tendency for violence with Native Americans and tendency to practice a “frontier of exclusion” came at [BLANK-1]. This was the first British colony in North America, but failed to thrive. When community leader John White sailed back to England to acquire reinforcements for the settlement, he was delayed by a war; once he returned in 1590, he found the settlement abandoned with no trace of the colonists. The only clue as to their disappearance was the word “Croatoan” carved into a tree near the settlement.

Key TermsBeringia​​The Black Plague​Caravels​Clovis Culture​The Columbian Exchange​The Decree of Sanctuary​Desert Culture​The Destructions of the Indies​The English Civil War​Epidemics and Enslavement​Forest Efficiency​The Glorious Revolution​Half-Freedom​Hunting Culture​Indentured Servants​Jamestown​King Philip’s War​Maroon Colonies​The Middle Ground​The Patroon System​Pawnee Cosmology​The Protestant Reformation​Pull Factors of Migration​Push Factors of Migration​”Reading a Slave’s Body”​Roanoke​The Sistema de Castas​Spanish Missions​The Stono Rebellion​The Treaty of Tordesillas

Spanish priest Bartolomé de las Casas wrote [BLANK-1] in 1542, describing in vivid detail the horrors and abuses the Spanish colonizers had inflicted on the Native Americans. The book contained illustrated accounts of the injustices, which included siccing dogs on them, burning them at the stake, burning them in hot boxes, burning them in their own homes, hanging them, cutting their hands off, ripping babies limbs from their bodies, drowning them, running through women and children on their swords, dashing babies to death against rocks, and performing vivisections (autopsies, while one is still alive) on Native Americans. His account contributed to the development of the Black Legend that the Spanish were uniquely cruel and capricious colonizers.

[BLANK-1] from 1642-1649 led to the execution of King Charles II and established Britain as a constitutional monarchy (after a brief Puritan dictatorship). This had a significant impact on the political culture of the British-American colonies who came to favor a parliamentary style of governance.

In the case of American settlement, poverty, complications from inheritance laws, the Enclosure Acts, and religious dissension are examples of [BLANK-1]

Before the Archaic Period, nomadic bands of Native Americans would hunt large mammals such as Wooly Mammoth and Giant Sloth in bands of 30-50 people. They used rudimentary tools such as spears with roughly six-inch-long stone points. They spread throughout the North American Continent and thrived from 11,000-8,000 B.C.E. This early Native American group and their society became known as [BLANK-1].

[BLANK-1] were sites designed to convert Native Americans to Catholicism and to protect areas on the Pacific coast, such as Alta California, from possible Russian invasions.

The colonial rivalry between the Catholic empires of Portugal and Spain was high in the early years of American colonization. In 1494, the pope stepped in and negotiated [BLANK-1]. He established a longitudinal line and awarded all land east of the line to Portugal (most notably Brazil) and all lands in the Americas west of the line to Spain. The pope also issued instructions to both colonizers to treat the Native Americans with Christian compassion and to bring them under the protection of the Catholic Church.

While escaping religious persecution was not the most common factor driving European settlement of North America, for a minority of settlers it was the most important issue. Following [BLANK-1] in 1517, many new Christian sects formed. Local and state leaders in Europe determined what the state-sponsored religion would be and those who did not follow the dominant religion were often persecuted or forced into worshipping against their own beliefs. Groups like the Puritans, Huguenots, and Quakers were among the newly formed groups of Christians to migrate to North America in large numbers.

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