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A middle-aged woman comes to her doctor complaining of profuse, bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps which started this afternoon. She states that she went to a restaurant a day before and ate a hamburger “that looked pink and undercooked.”  She looks uncomfortable due to the cramps but not dehydrated. She has no fever and her blood pressure and pulse are within normal limits.  Which of the following pathogens is the most likely cause of this condition?

A 46-year-old female underwent gastric bypass surgery.  She states that she followed the prescribed diet, and lost approximately 100 pounds in the first 18 months following her surgery.  The patient now presents for her scheduled two-year follow up, and states that she has been recently noticing that her feet “feel like pins and needles”, and the patient reports that it is difficult to tell the position of her feet on the floor. The patient denies any other associated symptoms.  Blood tests reveal a deficiency in one specific vitamin.  Based on this information, this patient is most likely deficient in which of the following vitamins?

A 32-year-old Asian male presents with diarrhea, which has worsened over the past year since he got married and his diet changed. The diarrhea is associated with abdominal discomfort and the feeling of “a lot of gas” in his stomach. On examination, his abdomen is distended with a tympanic note on percussion. There is no focal area of tenderness. The hydrogen breath test reveals elevated hydrogen in his expired air.  Based on this information, which of the following conditions is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?

A medical student on their pediatric clerkship arrives to clinic. Their first patient of the day is an exasperated mother bringing in her 2-year-old daughter for a yearly wellness check. After taking a thorough history, the third-year medical student notices that the child is still wearing pull-up diapers and asks the mother about toilet training. The mother says that she has tried to train her daughter, but that the child repeatedly poops her pants before reaching the bathroom. The third-year medical student recalls the physiological control mechanism of defecation and knows that the child needs to learn to voluntarily control which nerve and muscle?

The accompanying image is showing the otic ganglion at the tip of the arrow.  Which cranial nerve provides preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that will synapse in this ganglion?

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

Which of the following statements is TRUE of sympathetic efferent pathways?  

After 90 seconds of hyperventilation, you are able to hold your breath for an extended period. What category of hypoxia would this result in

What is the average tidal volume of air per breath in a healthy adult      

Which structure is primarily responsible for gaseous exchange in the lungs