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During the American Revolution, occupying key cities and strongholds of opposition were important elements of [BLANK-1].

[BLANK-1] was a pseudo-scientific process by which slave masters commodified African slaves. They would seek certain traits from a slave, such as dark skin among males and large hips from female slaves. The process had the effect of dehumanizing the slaves, reducing them to chattel or property.

Dutch colonialism in North America was driven in large part by the Dutch East India Corporation. The company implemented a method to encourage colonization called [BLANK-1]. This method granted large estates to wealthy landlords who would pay the passage for tenant farmers to work their land. The idea was a failure for the Dutch. The colonizing promoters were unable to attract many permanent settlers because the standard of living in the Netherlands was extremely high (thus negating any real reason to endure a cross-Atlantic voyage in order to seek a better life in the New World). It also led to deteriorating relations with Native Americans as the Dutch demand for land increased.

A conflict from 1675-1676 known as [BLANK-1] pitted New England colonists against a large band of Native Americans under the command of a sachem called Metacom. Although Native Americans held the upper hand early in this very violent conflict, American colonists would prevail and this would bring a decisive end to Native American power in New England. The conflict was typical of the frontier of exclusion practiced by English settlers in North America.

An early example of British colonists’ tendency for violence with Native Americans and tendency to practice a “frontier of exclusion” came at [BLANK-1]. This was the first British colony in North America, but failed to thrive. When community leader John White sailed back to England to acquire reinforcements for the settlement, he was delayed by a war; once he returned in 1590, he found the settlement abandoned with no trace of the colonists. The only clue as to their disappearance was the word “Croatoan” carved into a tree near the settlement.

Key TermsBeringia​​The Black Plague​Caravels​Clovis Culture​The Columbian Exchange​The Decree of Sanctuary​Desert Culture​The Destructions of the Indies​The English Civil War​Epidemics and Enslavement​Forest Efficiency​The Glorious Revolution​Half-Freedom​Hunting Culture​Indentured Servants​Jamestown​King Philip’s War​Maroon Colonies​The Middle Ground​The Patroon System​Pawnee Cosmology​The Protestant Reformation​Pull Factors of Migration​Push Factors of Migration​”Reading a Slave’s Body”​Roanoke​The Sistema de Castas​Spanish Missions​The Stono Rebellion​The Treaty of Tordesillas

Spanish priest Bartolomé de las Casas wrote [BLANK-1] in 1542, describing in vivid detail the horrors and abuses the Spanish colonizers had inflicted on the Native Americans. The book contained illustrated accounts of the injustices, which included siccing dogs on them, burning them at the stake, burning them in hot boxes, burning them in their own homes, hanging them, cutting their hands off, ripping babies limbs from their bodies, drowning them, running through women and children on their swords, dashing babies to death against rocks, and performing vivisections (autopsies, while one is still alive) on Native Americans. His account contributed to the development of the Black Legend that the Spanish were uniquely cruel and capricious colonizers.

[BLANK-1] from 1642-1649 led to the execution of King Charles II and established Britain as a constitutional monarchy (after a brief Puritan dictatorship). This had a significant impact on the political culture of the British-American colonies who came to favor a parliamentary style of governance.

In the case of American settlement, poverty, complications from inheritance laws, the Enclosure Acts, and religious dissension are examples of [BLANK-1]

Before the Archaic Period, nomadic bands of Native Americans would hunt large mammals such as Wooly Mammoth and Giant Sloth in bands of 30-50 people. They used rudimentary tools such as spears with roughly six-inch-long stone points. They spread throughout the North American Continent and thrived from 11,000-8,000 B.C.E. This early Native American group and their society became known as [BLANK-1].