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The conflict between President Johnson and Congress during Reconstruction demonstrated that the presidential veto power

The original Ku Klux Klan defined itself primarily as

Given a directed weighted graph G = (V,E), in which V = {v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7}, E = {(v1,v2), (v1,v3), (v2,v3), (v2,v4), (v3,v5), (v4,v6), (v5,v7), (v6,v1), (v7,v1)} And w(v1,v2) = 2, w(v1,v3) = 6, w(v2,v3) = 8, w(v2,v4) = 5, w(v3,v5) = 3, w(v4,v6) = 2, w(v5,v7) = 4, w(v6,v1) = 7, w(v7,v1) = 1 (1 Point) Draw this directed weighted graph. (2 Points) List the nodes visited in the order of using BFS(G, v1). (2 Points) List the nodes visited in the order of using DFS(G). (2 Points) Can topological sorting be performed on this graph? If yes, how it can be performed? If no, what is the problem?

(2 Points) Describe P and NP Problems with Example. (2 Points) Find the GCD of 30, 36, 24. (2 Points) Define Supervised Learning and Unsupervised Learning.

(2 points) What is the purpose of Dijkstra’s algorithm? (5 points) Write Dijkstra’s algorithm for a graph G(V,E). (3 points) Trace the algorithm for the following graph:  Fill in the table: Source Vertex A Shortest distance from A Previous vertex                                –                                –                                –                                –                                –  

(2 Points) Define what is an articulation point. (2 Points) For the following graph, list the articulation points.

AI Failure in Self-Driving Car  Scenario: An AI system controls a self-driving car. During heavy rain, the car struggles to correctly detect lane markings, causing it to behave erratically.The AI vision module was trained mainly on clear, dry-weather datasets. No real-world rainy conditions were simulated or included in training.10.1. Short Answer: Identify two major machine learning issues that caused the car’s lane detection failure. (Be specific: e.g., generalization error, dataset bias, etc.) (2 points) 10.2. True/False: Give reasoning for your answer. (1 point) Overfitting to dry-weather images is a likely cause of the car’s poor generalization during rain.  10.3. Short Answer: (2 points) Suggest one immediate operational mitigation that could be deployed while improving the AI model long-term.10.4. Multiple Choice: (1 point)In a functional safety analysis (ISO 26262 or similar), what would be the risk level of the erratic driving during rain?A) Low Risk — because it’s rareB) Medium Risk — because it happens only during rainC) High Risk — because it could cause injury or deathD) No Risk — since the system is autonomous and learns 10.5. True/False: Give reasoning for your answer.(1 point) If the AI fails during rain and causes an accident, liability could potentially fall on the developers who trained the system.  10.6. Essay (8–10 sentences): (3 points) Explainable AI (XAI) refers to a set of methods and techniques that make AI models more transparent and understandable to humans. Describe how Explainable AI (XAI) techniques could be applied to better understand why the lane detection model fails during rain and how this insight could guide safer model updates.

Scenario: ABC Financial Services runs most of its business applications on a public cloud platform (AWS, Azure, or GCP).One day, the security team notices abnormal activities: A spike in failed login attempts across cloud accounts. Successful login from a foreign IP address not recognized in their geolocation database. Several new virtual machines (VMs) are launched, configured with open ports and admin privileges. Sensitive client data (financial reports) are transferred to an unknown external server. The company’s Incident Response Plan (IRP) exists but has never been tested or updated recently. Additionally, security logs reveal that Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) was not enforced for administrative users. Section A — Understanding the Attack (3 points) 11.1. True/False: Give reasoning for your answer.(1 point)The attacker likely used compromised credentials rather than exploiting a software vulnerability to access the cloud environment.    11.2. Short Answer: (1 point)Identify two cloud misconfigurations that contributed to the success of this attack.   11.3. Multiple Choice: (1 point) Which of the following was the most critical security gap?A) Lack of regular patchingB) Absence of Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)C) Outdated operating systems on VMsD) Cloud cost optimization failures Section B — Incident Response Actions (4 points) 11.4. Short Answer: (2 points)According to the Incident Response Life Cycle (NIST SP 800-61), what should be the first two immediate actions the security team must take after detecting the attack?   11.5.Multiple Choice: (1 point) Which containment strategy is best in this situation?A) Shut down all cloud services immediatelyB) Isolate affected instances while preserving evidenceC) Delete suspicious VMs to stop the attackD) Disable all user accounts across the cloud environment 11.6. True/False: Give reasoning for your answer.(1 point)Preserving forensic evidence during a cloud breach is critical for post-incident investigations and possibly for legal proceedings.  Section C—Post-Incident Recovery and Improvement (6 points) 11.7. Short Answer: (2 points)Name one cloud-native service/tool that could help detect similar breaches earlier in the future.   11.8.  Short Answer: (2 points)List two improvements ABC Financial should make to their Incident Response Plan based on the lessons from this breach.   11.9.  Critical Thinking (Written Paragraph – 5–6 sentences): (2 points)Suppose ABC Financial wants to improve its cloud security posture.Describe one proactive strategy (beyond just fixing MFA) that could reduce the risk of future cloud breaches.

Read the following scenario and identify which type of threat it represents according to the STRIDE model. Provide a brief justification (two to four sentences) for your choice.  4.1. A malicious insider with limited privileges gains access to the organization’s CI/CD pipeline and alters the source code of a production application before deployment. The modified code introduces backdoor instructions that allow remote command execution after release. (3 points) 4.2. A threat actor crafts a fake government COVID-19 relief website identical to the real one, tricking citizens into logging in and submitting their SSN and bank account details. The attacker then uses the stolen credentials to access victims’ financial accounts. (3 points)   4.3. A cloud storage provider experiences an outage, making an enterprise unable to access critical operational documents required for emergency response coordination. No data is stolen or modified, but operations halt for several hours. (3 points)

Which of the following is NOT part of the Total Cost of Ownership for running a server on premises?