Blog

[BLANK-1] was a political ideology that emerged in the early nineteenth century in response to the French Revolution. It appealed mostly to workers and some intellectuals, but was a relatively obscure movement before 1848. Adherents of this political ideology viewed the French Revolution as the beginning of ever-greater social justice (particularly the revolutionary values of fraternity and equality) and pushed for more extreme changes to society. This ideology promoted state economic planning, state control of property, and a greater economic equality for the masses. Key supporters include Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen.

Now the French National Anthem, [BLANK-1] was a war-time song that developed in southern France during the more radical phases of the French Revolution. The lyrics of the song (such as “to arms, citizens, form your battalions, let’s march, let’s march, until impure blood waters the furrows of our fields” and “may your perishing enemies see your triumph and our glory” illustrate the nationalist ideology that was present in France at the time and the violent, warlike attitude that went with defending the fatherland.

[BLANK-1] was a political philosophy that developed during the early nineteenth century in response to the French Revolution. Adherents of this political ideology viewed the French Revolution as a triumphant moment but believed there was no need to go much further. They promoted freedom from government control, freedom of the press, free speech, free assembly, freedom from arbitrary arrest, and the protection of property rights. This ideology appealed to the middle class and supporters favored a restricted franchise of mostly elite men; few pushed for more radical brands of change such as democracy or republicanism. Key supporters include Alexis de Tocqueville, Jeremy Bentham, and Adam Smith. 

A French political cartoon we have reviewed in this class satirized the Berlin Conference of 1884 (a conference of European imperial powers who met up to partition Africa amongst themselves). In the cartoon, the Chancellor of Germany, [BLANK-1], holds a large knife and has cut up a cake with the word “Afrique” (French for Africa) on it. Astonished Europeans stare at him as they wait to receive their piece of the cake (Africa). This cake-cutting German Chancellor was one of the most ardent proponents of European Neo-Imperialism in Africa and was the de facto host of the Berlin Conference.

During the Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, the French army that had been called in to keep the peace joined the rioting citizens and laid siege to the prison-fortress. At that point, the army became the people’s army known as [BLANK-1]. The following day, the Marquis de Lafayette (a hero of the American Revolution) was given command of the body.

[BLANK-1] published Principia in 1687. It was a work that established much of the field of physics and helped to explain what forces controlled the movement of planets and objects on Earth. This person’s scientific work integrated advances in astronomy, laws of planetary motion, and observational physics. Principia demonstrated that the whole universe was unified in one majestic system; matter moves on Earth and throughout the heavens according to the same laws, which could be understood and expressed in mathematical terms.

[BLANK-1] was a form of proto-industrialization that occurred prior to the factory work of the Industrial Revolution. With this process, an entrepreneur would provide a family with raw materials and the family would work to produce a manufactured product on their own time before the entrepreneur returned with their wages and more raw materials to be manufactured into a finished product. With this system families controlled the pace of their labor.

[BLANK-1] ended the American Revolution. Britain was forced to recognize the independence of the thirteen colonies and to cede all territory between the Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi River to the Americans.

Later revealed to have been the great-grandson of Altan Khan, [BLANK-1] played a significantly role in converting the many Mongols to Tibetan Buddhism and in easing the relations between the Mongols and the Ming Dynasty in China. Buddhism’s emphasis on non-violence helped to pacify the Mongol military threat to China.

Asian migration patterns in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century sparked ethnic anxieties in the West and led to racially discriminatory immigration policies in some areas. Perceived cultural differences and domestic concerns led some countries to legally discriminate against Chinese immigration in particular. One example was [BLANK-1] which was in place from 1901-1970 and restricted Asian immigration.