To study the effects of sleep on driving, researchers preven…

To study the effects of sleep on driving, researchers prevent some people from sleeping for 24 hours. They find that people who were sleep-deprived hit more plastic cones than those who were not sleep-deprived when they are driving through a curvy obstacle course designed by the researchers. In this example, driving performance is the [blank] variable.

Ben just finished smoking a cigarette, and with no trash can…

Ben just finished smoking a cigarette, and with no trash can in sight, considers throwing the cigarette butt on the ground. However, he knows that throwing it on the ground will contribute to environmental pollution. According to Freudian theory, Ben’s struggle is between his [BLANK], which makes him want to get rid of the butt immediately, and his [BLANK], which discourages him from littering.

Dr. Dubyak has developed a new measure of depression. She ad…

Dr. Dubyak has developed a new measure of depression. She administers her new measure along with the Beck Depression Inventory (a widely used assessment of depression) to 100 people. She finds that these two measures are highly correlated, which supports the [BLANK] of Dr. Dubyak’s new measure.