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During the Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, the French army that had been called in to keep the peace joined the rioting citizens and laid siege to the prison-fortress. At that point, the army became the people’s army known as [BLANK-1]. The following day, the Marquis de Lafayette (a hero of the American Revolution) was given command of the body.

[BLANK-1] published Principia in 1687. It was a work that established much of the field of physics and helped to explain what forces controlled the movement of planets and objects on Earth. This person’s scientific work integrated advances in astronomy, laws of planetary motion, and observational physics. Principia demonstrated that the whole universe was unified in one majestic system; matter moves on Earth and throughout the heavens according to the same laws, which could be understood and expressed in mathematical terms.

[BLANK-1] was a form of proto-industrialization that occurred prior to the factory work of the Industrial Revolution. With this process, an entrepreneur would provide a family with raw materials and the family would work to produce a manufactured product on their own time before the entrepreneur returned with their wages and more raw materials to be manufactured into a finished product. With this system families controlled the pace of their labor.

[BLANK-1] ended the American Revolution. Britain was forced to recognize the independence of the thirteen colonies and to cede all territory between the Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi River to the Americans.

Later revealed to have been the great-grandson of Altan Khan, [BLANK-1] played a significantly role in converting the many Mongols to Tibetan Buddhism and in easing the relations between the Mongols and the Ming Dynasty in China. Buddhism’s emphasis on non-violence helped to pacify the Mongol military threat to China.

Asian migration patterns in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century sparked ethnic anxieties in the West and led to racially discriminatory immigration policies in some areas. Perceived cultural differences and domestic concerns led some countries to legally discriminate against Chinese immigration in particular. One example was [BLANK-1] which was in place from 1901-1970 and restricted Asian immigration.

[BLANK-1] was a seventeenth-century Jewish woman and memoirist whose written accounts detailed the hardships and persecutions that Jews faced in Early-Modern Europe. She raised 13 children and took over her husband’s business interests after his death. She guided her sons to successful careers and provided dowries for her daughters.

[BLANK-1] were female sex slaves common among the wealthy. Sultans maintained a practice of having a harem of these women with whom they fathered children as heirs to the throne rather than marrying. One notable counterexample to this was Suleiman the Magnificent, who married Hürrem, a woman who had previously been his sex slave.

During the Ashikaga Shogunate, particularly in Kyoto, a distinct and elegant style developed called [BLANK-1]. Influenced by Zen Buddhism, this style praised imperfections, austerity, and simplicity. Examples include the austere Silver Pavillion built by Shogun Yoshimasa and the development of the Japanese Tea Ceremony, which celebrated the imperfections of misshapen cups and pots.

Matteo Ricci and others criticized [BLANK-1], a cultural pastime of wealthy urbanites who Ricci felt were addicted to the practice. The practice would often be hosted as part of a banquet held by a rich socialite and could last up to ten hours.