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Explain the physical principles and clinical significance of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in interventional radiographic procedures.  (5)

Based on the image provided, identify the condition indicated by the arrows. Picture1.png

As the rate of contrast injection increases, the degree of contrast enhancement _________ and the duration of contrast enhancement decreases.

A 33-year-old woman with bipolar II disorder is prescribed a medication that is particularly effective for preventing bipolar depression and works by inhibiting glutamate release and blocking voltage-sensitive sodium channels. Known by the brand name, Lamictal.  Which drug has this mechanism of action?

Which mood stabilizer is teratogenic, especially associated with neural tube defects in pregnancy?

A 38-year-old woman has recurrent nonadherence to oral antipsychotics leading to multiple relapses. She refuses daily pills but agrees to a long-acting injectable. Which option is most appropriate?

Which antidepressant carries the highest risk of inducing a switch to mania in a patient with bipolar disorder?

Which agent is best for patients with liver disease and schizophrenia? 

A 29-year-old pregnant woman (16 weeks gestation) has schizophrenia controlled on haloperidol. She asks whether she should stop it. What should you recommend?

Which of the following adverse effects is most associated with D2 blockade in the nigrostriatal pathway?