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To assess whether stress is reduced by meditation, researchers compare people’s level of stress after meditating to those who did not meditate. In this example, people who did not meditate are in the [blank] group.

The “Einstein syndrome” refers to the idea that [blank].

To assess a new tooth-whitening product, researchers compare the “whiteness” of people’s teeth after using the product to those who do not use the product. In this example, the researchers use a [blank] design.

To study the effects of dualism on eating behavior, researchers teach half of the participants about dualism, send them all to lunch, and then ask them what they ate. Researchers find that people who learned about dualism eat more “junk” food. In this example, the amount of “junk” food eaten is the [blank] variable.

To assess whether stress is affected by exercise, researchers measure people’s level of stress before and after 20 minutes of exercise. In this example, the researchers use a [blank] design.

A single physiological measure provides [blank] information.

To study the effects of listening to music while doing math, a researcher plays classical music while one group of participants completes math problems and music with a fast tempo while another group of participants completes math problems. After the experiment is over, the researcher realizes that the volume for the classical music was much lower than the volume for the other music. In this example, the volume of the music is a(n) [blank] variable.

William calls himself a “life therapist” and uses popular pseudoscientific remedies to treat clients. Based on our discussion, we might call William’s treatments unethical because he does not maintain [blank].

Wanda has a bad cold. She purchases a new cold medicine she finds online, and her cold clears up in 11 days. She believes the new cold medicine was helpful. Wanda should also consider another possibility, which would be [blank].

To study the effect of alcohol on driving ability, researchers measure people’s performance in a driving simulator before and after they drink 12 ounces of beer. In this example, the researchers use a [blank] design.