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  During stage 2 of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis is powered by movement of __________ ions through the __________.  

The practice of drilling circular holes in the skulls of people displaying abnormal behaviors in order to free evil spirits was known as

  Proteins that are fully translated in the cytosol and lack a sorting signal will end up in the  

  The citric acid cycle generates NADH and FADH2, which are then used in the process of oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP. The reactions in the citric acid cycle do not utilize oxygen. Yet the citric acid cycle stops almost immediately when O2 is removed. Explain this observation.  

  Modern eukaryotes depend on mitochondria to generate most of the cell’s ATP. What is the approximate number of ATP molecules that can be generated from a single molecule of glucose?  

  Glycoproteins possess a diverse array of oligosaccharide modifications. Which of the following is a true statement about how this diversity is achieved?  

  The mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of several different protein subunits. Which subunit binds to ADP + Pi and catalyzes the synthesis of ATP as a result of a conformational change?  

  When glucose is being used up and not replaced from food intake, the blood sugar level can be maintained by synthesizing glucose from smaller molecules such as pyruvate or lactate. This process is called gluconeogenesis. Which organ is principally responsible for supplying glucose to the rest of the body when glucose reserves are low?  

  Which of the following statements about a protein in the lumen of the ER is FALSE?  

  What is the function of the heme groups in the complexes of the electron transport chain?