A 61-year-old man presents with muscle weakness and kidney stones. His wife reports he has become irritable, though unrelated to his illness. Labs: calcium 12.1 mg/dL (normal 8.5–10.5), PTH elevated, phosphate low. Which process explains his condition?
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A 50-year-old man presents with back pain, anemia, and hyper…
A 50-year-old man presents with back pain, anemia, and hypercalcemia. Serum protein electrophoresis shows an M-spike. Bone marrow biopsy reveals clonal plasma cells. Which process explains his skeletal disease?
A 12-year-old boy presents with progressive difficulty walki…
A 12-year-old boy presents with progressive difficulty walking, calf pseudohypertrophy, and frequent falls. Creatine kinase markedly elevated. Genetic testing shows dystrophin mutation. Which process explains his disease?
A 70-year-old woman reports gradual central vision loss. Fun…
A 70-year-old woman reports gradual central vision loss. Fundus exam reveals drusen deposits and pigmentary changes. Which process explains her disease?
A 42-year-old man presents with episodic severe pain and swe…
A 42-year-old man presents with episodic severe pain and swelling in his big toe after alcohol intake. Joint aspirate shows negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals under polarized light. Serum uric acid 9.2 mg/dL (normal 3.5–7.2). Which process explains his condition?
A 64-year-old patient reports morning headaches, nausea, and…
A 64-year-old patient reports morning headaches, nausea, and brief episodes of blurred vision. Funduscopic exam shows papilledema. MRI reveals a frontal lobe mass with surrounding vasogenic edema. Which process explains the symptoms?
A 44-year-old man presents with headaches, enlarged hands an…
A 44-year-old man presents with headaches, enlarged hands and feet, and spacing of his teeth. Labs: IGF-1 elevated, glucose tolerance test fails to suppress GH. Which process explains his condition?
A 68-year-old man presents with progressive dyspnea and pink…
A 68-year-old man presents with progressive dyspnea and pink sputum. Exam shows pulmonary crackles. Which process explains his illness?
A 32-year-old Asianman presents to ED after collapsing durin…
A 32-year-old Asianman presents to ED after collapsing during exercise. He is resuscitated. Imaging shows hypertrophied interventricular septum. Which process explains his collapse?
A 74-year-old woman presents after a fall with hip pain. Ima…
A 74-year-old woman presents after a fall with hip pain. Imaging shows a femoral neck fracture. DXA scan reveals T-score –2.9 (normal ≥ –1.0). Which pathophysiologic process explains her fracture risk?