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Write out the first objection to your position in your ethical position paper. Try to portray it as strongly as possible. Then, sketch a possible response to the question.

Write out the second objection to your position for your ethical position paper. Try to portray the objection as strongly as possible. Then, sketch out a potential response to the objection.

In one area of the world, samples 7–9 and sample Y are seen together in an outcrop. Your colleague sketched the stratigraphic column below. Based on their illustration, which of the following statements can you conclude are TRUE? Visual Description On the right side of the diagram is a vertical list of labels reading, from top to bottom: Sample 7, Sample 8, Sample 9, Unconformity, and Sample Y. On the left side is a vertical stack of patterned layers that correspond to those labels. At the top, the layer labelled Sample 7 is drawn with a brick-like rectangular block pattern, suggesting a well-lithified, blocky rock unit. Below it, the layer labelled Sample 8 is shown with thin, horizontal lines, indicating a finely layered or laminated sedimentary rock. Below that, Sample 9 is represented by a pattern of small dots, indicating a granular or sandy sediment. Below Sample 9 is a wavy red horizontal line, labelled Unconformity. This line is irregular and undulating, clearly marking a break in deposition or an erosion surface between older and younger rocks. Below the unconformity is Sample Y, shown as a thicker unit filled with scattered red and black dots within a lighter background, indicating a different sediment type or a more poorly sorted or mixed deposit.

In the center of the largest continent, you find a very soft (soft enough to scratch with a fingernail), translucent mineral (sample 6). Visual Description A single transparent to translucent crystal fragment. The crystal is irregular in shape and roughly rectangular overall, with jagged, broken edges and stepped surfaces. The crystal is clear to pale grey, allowing light to pass through it. Internal reflections and refractions create bright highlights and faint internal lines. The surface is marked by multiple flat, planar faces that intersect at sharp angles, producing a blocky, layered appearance. Several of these faces form a pattern of straight, parallel lines across parts of the crystal, suggesting strong cleavage in specific directions. Some faces are smooth and glassy, while others appear slightly rough or frosted, as if they were broken or naturally weathered. The edges are sharp and angular, and some corners look chipped.  

A long line of volcanoes connects on the ocean floor (see the volcanoes map). Inspect sample 4, taken from a spot along this line, to better understand what is happening at this location: Visual Description The lava is is bluish and dimly lit, indicating it is underwater. The lava appears as a cluster of rounded, bulbous, pillow-shaped masses stacked and pressed against each other. Each “pillow” is several tens of centimetres to over a metre across, and their surfaces are gently curved and slightly wrinkled. The colour of the lava is muted purple-brown to dark grey, with fine crack-like patterns across the surfaces, formed as the hot lava cooled rapidly in contact with seawater. The pillows overlap and pile up, forming a lumpy, organic-looking structure on the seafloor.   Above: Image of rock in the environment Above: Image of rock sample taken from location Visual Description The image nce favoring female musicians for some instruments like the harp, while instruments like the tuba and percussion are predominantly male.

At the base of the sequence you find a rock (sample 9). It feels like coarse sandpaper against your fingers. Inspect sample 9 further. Visual Description The rock is tan to sandy beige in colour and has a clearly granular, sandy texture, with tiny visible grains across its surface. The grains appear uniform in size and well sorted, giving the rock a relatively even appearance. Across the face of the rock are several subtle, wavy, parallel lines that run roughly horizontally from left to right. These lines are slightly darker or more shadowed than the surrounding surface and appear as gentle ripples or laminae, suggesting internal layering or sedimentary structures such as ripple marks or cross-bedding. The surface is matte and slightly rough, with no visible crystals or shiny minerals. The rock appears moderately compact but still shows individual sand grains, especially near the edges. The green ruler beneath the rock shows centimeter markings, indicating that the rock is roughly several centimeters long, providing a sense of scale.

Inspect the following image. Based on what you know, is this an accurate representation of the planet’s current plate boundaries? Consider the location of the boundaries and the type of boundaries illustrated. Consult the relevant maps at the start and your answers to the previous questions. Visual Description A simplified, schematic tectonic map titled “Fault Map / Tectonic Plate Boundaries” displayed on a pale blue background. The landmasses are shown in white, with irregular coastlines, and the surrounding areas represent ocean. At the top center of the image is the title in bold black text. In the upper right corner is a legend with three coloured line types: A green line labelled divergent, A brown line labelled convergent, A blue line labelled transform. These coloured lines trace different kinds of tectonic plate boundaries across and around the landmasses. The central landmass is large and irregular, with smaller islands scattered around it. Several plate boundaries cross both land and ocean: Green divergent boundaries run along parts of the southern margin of the main landmass and through some oceanic areas. Small black arrows on either side of these green lines point away from the line, indicating plates moving apart. Brown convergent boundaries cut through parts of the western and northern portions of the map and also appear on the eastern side. Along these lines, pairs of small black arrows point toward each other, showing plates moving together. Blue transform boundaries appear mostly in the ocean and along some continental margins, shown as long, straight or gently curving blue lines. Black arrows on either side point in opposite horizontal directions, indicating lateral sliding motion. Throughout the map, small black arrows next to the coloured lines indicate the relative motion of the plates. Some arrows point toward a boundary, some away, and some parallel, depending on the boundary type.  

The image below illustrates one of the structures in which sample X is exposed (part of the Sundance formation). Using this data with the maps you already have, what process exposed these layers? Note: On the key, the Madison Formation is the oldest, and the Mowry Formation is the youngest.  Visual Description The geologic map is overlain on a satellite or shaded-relief base image, showing the distribution of rock formations across a folded structure in a mountainous or hilly landscape. The map is tilted slightly and framed by white margins, with geographic coordinates visible along the edges. The background is a grey, textured aerial image showing ridges, valleys, and drainage patterns. On top of this is a coloured, semi-transparent geological overlay bounded by a black polygon, representing the mapped area. Within this area, elongated coloured bands curve smoothly, forming a lens-shaped, symmetrical pattern typical of a large fold. The coloured bands run roughly from the upper left to the lower right of the mapped area. They are arranged in parallel, nested strips that narrow toward both ends, indicating that the rock units are folded into a broad, elongated structure. The fold appears to be a plunging anticline or syncline, with layers wrapping around a central axis. Each coloured band represents a different geologic formation, with labels printed directly on the map such as Kmr, Kt, Kcl, Jm, Js, Jgs, TRc, Pp, Pt, and Pa. These correspond to units listed in the legend. Small white numbers are scattered across the bands, representing structural measurements such as bedding dip angles, showing values like 25, 30, 35, 40, 67, and 74 degrees. Thin black lines with arrows show the orientation and direction of geological structures, such as fold axes or bedding strike and dip. Legend: In the lower left corner is a legend with coloured boxes and formation names: Mowry Formation (Kmr) – green Thermopolis Formation (Kt) – light green Cloverly Formation (Kcl) – reddish-brown Morrison Formation (Jm) – peach or light orange Sundance Formation (Js) – yellow Gypsum Springs Formation (Jgs) – light blue Chugwater Formation (TRc) – orange Phosphoria Formation (Pp) – dark blue Tensleep Formation (Pt) – pale cream Amsden Formation (Pa) – light grey-blue Madison Formation (Mm) – very light grey Map elements A north arrow is shown in the upper right corner, pointing upward. A scale bar at the bottom right shows distances in kilometres, with markings at 0, 0.5, and 1 km.  

This unique rock (sample Y) featuring large minerals was found, identically, in each of the mountain ranges as illustrated on the mountain ranges map. Inspect it further to better understand what has happened over time at this location. Visual Description The rock has a coarse-grained, speckled texture. Individual mineral crystals are clearly visible and roughly similar in size, giving the rock a granular, salt-and-pepper appearance with added colour variation. Interspersed throughout are many pink to salmon-coloured mineral crystals, irregular in shape and a few millimetres across. These pink crystals stand out strongly against the lighter matrix and are evenly distributed across the surface. Some crystals appear slightly translucent or glassy, particularly the light grey ones, while the darker grains are matte. The rock surface is rough and uneven, with small pits and protruding mineral grains. Near the top of the rock, written in black marker, is the label “1–5.” This marking sits directly on the rock surface and slightly contrasts with the natural texture.

Based on the answers to your previous questions and the maps above, what feature is most likely found at each of the following map locations? Note: A is right off the continent in the ocean. Visual Description A simplified, schematic map of a fictional world, shown on a pale blue background representing the ocean. The landmasses are light grey with soft, rounded, irregular coastlines and no internal topographic shading. At the center is a large main continent, roughly oval in shape with several broad peninsulas and inlets. This main landmass is labelled with the letter D near its upper central area and the letter F near its lower central area, indicating two different regions or features within the same continent. Surrounding the main continent are several smaller island groups: To the west (left) of the main continent is a cluster of islands. On the southwestern island in this cluster is the label A. Slightly to the east of A, a smaller island is labelled C. Between the western islands and the main continent is a short chain of tiny islets forming a stepping-stone pattern across the water. Near the eastern end of this chain, just off the west coast of the main continent, is the label E. To the south (below) of the main continent is a curved chain of elongated islands forming a loose arc. Within this southern island arc, one island is labelled B. Farther to the south, separated by open ocean, is a larger isolated island or small continent without any letter label. To the east (right) of the main continent are a few scattered small islands, but none of them are labelled.