A 30-year-old female presented to her physician with fatigue…

A 30-year-old female presented to her physician with fatigue, anorexia, and recent weight loss over the last 3 months. The client had frequent nausea and occasional dizzy spells. Her blood pressure was 95/61 mm Hg on standing. Increased pigmentation was noted in the palms of her hands. Laboratory tests reveal sodium: 130 mmol/L, potassium: 5.9 mmol/L, glucose: 3.0 mmol/L, urea: 9.0 mmol/L. What is the likely pathophysiology in this client?

A 22-year-old male university student visits his physician w…

A 22-year-old male university student visits his physician with concerns over abdominal discomfort and recurring diarrhea for about 5 weeks. He explains that his manifestations are worse after breakfast, which usually consists of wheat cereal and yogurt. His physician’s differential diagnosis is between celiac disease and lactose intolerance. Which of the following pairs of laboratory tests would provide a definitive diagnosis?