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41. During the cleavage stage of glycolysis, fructose-1, 6 bisphosphate is broken down intoA) citric acid. B) two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. C) two molecules of ATP. D) glucose. E) two molecules of pyruvate.

The process that forms the electrochemical gradient during photosynthesis is the production of H+   in the stroma during NADPH production. movement of water by osmosis. hydrolysis of ATP. production of water from oxygen in the thylakoid lumen. pumping of  H+ into the thylakoid lumen.

40. The phenomenon through which populations of organisms change over time due to mutation, natural selection, and genetic exchange is A) growth and development. B) homeostasis. C) organization. D) biological evolution. E) reproduction. 

31. The charge on amino acids in the active site of an enzyme would be affected by A) pH. B) substrate concentration. C) antibiotics. D) temperature.

If a person’s ability to form steroids was destroyed, what function would be affected? Estrogen would no longer be produced in the body. Molecular hydrolysis reactions would stop functioning. The ability to produce insulin for glucose uptake would no longer exist. Cholesterol levels would keep increasing, causing cell death.

44. Select the statement that is true when comparing solutions with a pH of 6 and a pH of 8.A) The solution with a pH of 6 has a 2 times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 8. B) The solution with a pH of 8 has a 100 times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 6. C) The solution with a pH of 6 has a 100 times lower concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 8. D) The solution with a pH of 6 has a 100 times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 8. E) Solutions with a pH of 8 has a 2 times lower concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 6.

The route that most accurately describes secretory protein movement through the endomembrane system would be Golgi apparatus→smooth endoplasmic reticulum →lysosome→vesicles→plasma membrane. nuclear envelope→vesicles→Golgi apparatus→rough endoplasmic reticulum→plasma membrane. rough endoplasmic reticulum→vesicles→ Golgi apparatus→vesicles →plasma membrane. plasmid→plasma membrane→nuclear envelope→smooth endoplasmic reticulum→ lysosomes→rough endoplasmic reticulum→smooth endoplasmic reticulum→vesicles→plasma membrane.

43. Altering the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme might A) prevent the enzyme from adding energy to a reaction. B) change the type of product that binds the enzyme’s active site. C) prevent the substrate from binding the enzyme’s active site.D) change the amount of energy needed for a reaction. E) change the type of product produced in the reaction.

For the decimal number given below, answer each question in the process of converting the value into IEEE 754-like 16-bit hex format where there is a 1-bit sign, 5-bit exponent, and 10-bit significand.  You must show your work to get full credit.  You may find the above graphic helpful. Given the decimal value 9.375: a) What is the unsigned binary representation for the above decimal value? [a] b) What is the normalized scientific notation for the binary representation and decimal exponent? [b] x 2 to the [b_exponent] c) What is the 5-bit Bias decimal value of the exponent? (Hint: be = exponent + K where K is 15 for a 5-bit exponent) [c] d) What is the 5-bit binary representation of the Bias decimal value of the exponent? [d] e) What is the value of the 16-bit representation expressed in four hexadecimal digits?  The answer will be 4 hex digits.  [e]    

Which of the following is an invalid 4-hexadecimal digit number?