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NOTE: A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest lev…

NOTE: A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to a lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and carotenoids. In the absence of a UL, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. Members of the general population should be advised not to routinely exceed the UL. The UL is not meant to apply to individuals who are treated with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with predisposing conditions that modify their sensitivity to the nutrient. aAlthough the UL was not determined for arsenic, there is no justification for adding arsenic to food or supplements. bThe ULs for magnesium represent intake from a pharmacological agent only and do not include intake from food and water. cAlthough silicon has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding silicon to supplements. dAlthough vanadium in food has not been shown to cause adverse effects in humans, there is no justification for adding vanadium to food, and vanadium supplements should be used with caution. The UL is based on adverse effects in laboratory animals, and this data could be used to set a UL for adults but not children and adolescents. eND = Not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects in this age group and concern with regard to lack of ability to handle excess amounts. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake. SOURCES: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.            

Use this Family information to answer Questions 91 to 99. Da…

Use this Family information to answer Questions 91 to 99. Dad: Age 32, height 68 inches, weight 185 pounds, blood pressure 119/78Dad works at a high-stress desk job. He’s a movie buff and watches lots of movies on Netflix. His other hobby is barbecuing, and he prefers fat, juicy cuts. Although his life has been very sedentary for the past several years, he is starting to think about becoming more fit and muscular. As a first step, he has started drinking fruit-sherbet smoothies with supplemental protein. Mom: Age 30, height 62 inches, weight 120 pounds, blood pressure 110/78Mom works part-time from home as a computer programmer. On most days she runs 5–6 miles, as she is training for a marathon. She is mindful of the need for adequate hydration, so she weighs herself before and after running. She is proud of her accomplishments as a runner because exercise is so good for strong bones. Grandma: Age 68, height 63 inches, weight 165 pounds, blood pressure 158/98Grandma lives and eats with the family. She worries about the contamination of fresh produce, so she takes vegetable extract capsules to get important phytochemicals. She knows women have a high need for iron to replace iron lost in menstruation, so she takes an iron supplement. Her schedule as a hospital volunteer is unpredictable, as she often covers for other volunteers. The whole family: Daughter Gracie (age 4 months) is exclusively breastfed. Her parents give her an infant iron supplement each day. Mom and Dad are both super busy, so the family eats out a lot—mostly fast food unless Dad is grilling some meat. When Mom cooks, she relies on helper mixes, canned soups, and microwave meals. Their staples are meats, pasta, and grains, so they don’t eat many fruits and vegetables. Mom is concerned that milk is high in fat, so no one drinks much milk. With their hectic schedule and varied interests, they often leave leftovers on the counter after meals. The family uses tap water for drinking and cooking. If their hands look dirty, they wash them before preparing food or eating—otherwise, they don’t bother. Because of frequent upset stomachs, they wonder if they should start using bottled water instead of the city’s tap water.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Lev…

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULa), Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Group Vitamin A (μg/d)a Vitamin C (mg/d) Vitamin D (μg/d) Vitamin E (mg/d)b,c Vitamin K Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin (mg/d)c Vitamin B6 (mg/d) Folate (μg/d)c Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Acid Biotin Choline (g/d) Carotenoidsd Infants 0–6 mo 600 NDe 25 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 6–12 mo 600 ND 38 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Children 1−3 y 600 400 63 200 ND ND ND 10 30 300 ND ND ND 1 ND 4−8 y 900 650 75 300 ND ND ND 15 40 400 ND ND ND 1 ND Males 9−13 y 1,700 1,200 100 600 ND ND ND 20 60 600 ND ND ND 2 ND 14−18 y 2,800 1,800 100 800 ND ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3 ND 19−30 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 31−50 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 51−70 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND > 70 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND Females 9−13 y 1,700 1,200 100 600 ND ND ND 20 60 600 ND ND ND 2 ND 14−18 y 2,800 1,800 100 800 ND ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3 ND 19−30 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 31−50 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 51−70 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND > 70 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND Pregnancy 14−18 y 2,800 1,800 100 800 ND ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3 ND 19−30 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 31−50 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND Lactation 14−18 y 2,800 1,800 100 800 ND ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3 ND 19−30 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 31−50 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Lev…

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULa), Vitamins Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Life Stage Group Vitamin A (μg/d)a Vitamin C (mg/d) Vitamin D (μg/d) Vitamin E (mg/d)b,c Vitamin K Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin (mg/d)c Vitamin B6 (mg/d) Folate (μg/d)c Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Acid Biotin Choline (g/d) Carotenoidsd Infants 0–6 mo 600 NDe 25 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 6–12 mo 600 ND 38 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Children 1−3 y 600 400 63 200 ND ND ND 10 30 300 ND ND ND 1 ND 4−8 y 900 650 75 300 ND ND ND 15 40 400 ND ND ND 1 ND Males 9−13 y 1,700 1,200 100 600 ND ND ND 20 60 600 ND ND ND 2 ND 14−18 y 2,800 1,800 100 800 ND ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3 ND 19−30 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 31−50 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 51−70 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND > 70 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND Females 9−13 y 1,700 1,200 100 600 ND ND ND 20 60 600 ND ND ND 2 ND 14−18 y 2,800 1,800 100 800 ND ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3 ND 19−30 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 31−50 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 51−70 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND > 70 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND Pregnancy 14−18 y 2,800 1,800 100 800 ND ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3 ND 19−30 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 31−50 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND Lactation 14−18 y 2,800 1,800 100 800 ND ND ND 30 80 800 ND ND ND 3 ND 19−30 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND 31−50 y 3,000 2,000 100 1,000 ND ND ND 35 100 1,000 ND ND ND 3.5 ND