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  In the violin plot, the thicker part of the plot corresponds to which of the following?  

  A pharmaceutical company tests whether a new drug is more effective than an existing one. They obtain a p value of .20. What does this indicate?  

  What would the influence be on the mean if there was an extremely large outlier of an extremely large score?  

  What is the formula for calculating a z score?  

  Which of the following can reduce sampling error?  

  A researcher wants to understand the link between pet ownership and levels of oxytocin in the bloodstream. The researcher recruits people who do and do not have pets and then measures the level of oxytocin in their blood. What is the independent variable in this scenario?  

  A study comparing two therapy methods for depression finds a statistically significant difference (p < .01) with an effect size of Cohen’s d = 0.20. What is the best interpretation?  

  When can we be sure that a sample is perfectly representative of the population it is drawn from?  

  At what stage of the scientific method do you check your hypothesis against your data and determine if your hypothesis is supported?  

  Which type of graph requires both variables to be continuous?