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How do gene chip arrays, such as the the Axiom array,  detect if an individual sample has a variant?

You are a doctor and have a patient who had a recent stroke. The standard course of treatment is to prescribe Clopidogrel. Clopidogrel is a blood thinner that works by blocking platelet aggregation. The patient doesn’t seem to be responding to the medication. The FDA has labeled the medication with a warning that reads: DIMINISHED ANTIPLATELET EFFECT IN PATIENTS WITH TWO LOSS-OF-FUNCTION ALLELES OF THE CYP2C19 GENE  You order genetic testing for your patient that reveals your patient is homozygous for mutations in the promoter region of the CYP2C19 gene. What is your interpretation of this result with regards to drug metabolism and dose? 

Briefly describe two technological challenges related to the process of personalized whole genome sequencing. (Tip: this question is not about ELSI concerns and DTC testing. That topic is covered in a separate question).

An individual who is an Ultra Rapid metabolizer of Warfarin   _____ .

Which genotyping technique works by detecting when a DNA Polymerase can or cannot incorporate a new nucleotide onto an open 3′ end? 

Obesity contributes to autoimmune disease development because: 

You are a pancreatic cancer researcher designing a molecular beacon approach to detect a single nucleotide dominant mutation that indicates oncogene activation within a pancreatic tissue. You design the molecular beacon to hybridize to the single nucleotide mutation. You are sampling pancreatic tissue biopsies from patients to detect if they have acquired the oncogene mutation. How do you know if the mutation is present in the cells sampled?  Choose the most valid response.

When designing a gene therapy strategy with viral vectors, researchers must consider: 

Which one of these is NOT one of the ways that infections can cause autoimmune diseases?

A founder effect occurs when: