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Physical activity enhances muscle strength and preserves muscle mass. More muscle tissue and a higher activity level result in a reduced caloric requirement. 

Which vitamins are most deficient in children 0-12 years?

What two vitamins are essential for growth of bones and teeth for the growing fetus?

The image shows dystrophic calcification on heart valves.  This type of calcification is more common under some circumstances than others.  What dysregulation of systemic physiology would predispose the development of this type of pathology?

In addition to fluid, some exudates will include what we have referred to previously as formed elements and can lead to liquifactive necrosis.   1. Inflammation that is characterized by the presence of this type of exudate can be called… 2. What is the most common cause of this type of inflammation? 3. Is this type of inflammation more often acute or strictly chronic?  

Various cells act as sentinels that can detect danger and then release chemical mediators of inflammation.  Which one of the following cells releases histamine after detecting danger?

Environmental stresses trigger changes in gene expression that modulate a cell’s sensitivity to injury.  This has been clearly demonstrated by applying low level stress to cells prior to subsequent exposure to a higher level stress.  Under these circumstances, cells that receive the pretreatment are better able to moderate the impact of higher level stress than cells that received no pretreatment.  Provide at least one example of a mechanism that can explain this phenomenon.

What are the two major functions of inflammation (think of desired outcomes)?

Consider the mechanisms that are thought to drive senescence of cells.  Briefly, indicate two of these mechanisms and then explain why those mechanisms would cause a progressive decline in the life expectancy of cells.  

Complement can be activated by three mechanisms.  Two of those mechanisms are very similar: 1) antibody bound to its antigen, and 2) _____________ bound to its carbohydrate ligand.