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Other than the Cyclostomata, all other fishes have scales in their dermis.  Sharks and rays have leathery skin containing __________________ scales

The original form of the perforated pharynx was to act as a filter-feeding device. It then changed to pump water for what purpose?

Write down the five diagnostic characteristics of the chordates 

The earliest vertebrates are found as fossils from sedimentary rocks in China and Canada, dating back to the early Cambrian. Larger bonier fossils of fish-like animals called ostracoderms are found in deposits from the ________________________

Vertebrates can be divided into two groups — those with jaws, the gnasherostomes, and those without jaws, the agnathans.

Arthropods have a nonexpandable outer cuticle called the exoskeleton.  When they need to get larger, they have to molt and shed their outer cuticle. This process is called _____________

Hagfish and Lampreys are closely related, jawless, fish.

Some bony fishes are able to extract as much as _____________% of the oxygen passing over their gills.

Arthropods are found in all habitats except in freshwater

The Nyquist criterion is primarily used to determine: