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Which of the diet component below is the least digestible by ruminants?

The rumen microbial organisms include bacteria, protozoa and fungi. The bacteria:  

As feedstuffs enter the rumen, most protein is hydrolyzed to amino acids which are degraded to ammonia and energy. The maximum output by microbes to re-synthesize amino acids and form microbial proteins depends on:

Which source of carbohydrate would provide the least apparent digestible energy to monogastric animals if the sources were provided in equal amounts in the diet?

Which of the following best describes a positive energy balance in an animal?

What technique is used to measure heat production indirectly by assessing O₂ consumption and CO₂ production?

Consider lipids as substrates for energy. Address the following questions (5 points). Differentiate the locations in the cell where lipolysis vs. lipogenesis occur (2.5 points).   Briefly describe the role of carnitine acyltransferase in fatty acid metabolism (2.5 points).

The body fat stores in ruminants are typically highly saturated compared with monogastrics as:

A broad definition of fiber is a:

Lignin is a component of plant cell walls that is _____.