It is important to assess cognitive function to identify mil…

It is important to assess cognitive function to identify mild cognitive impairment that may indicate the onset of dementia or cognitive changes associated with normal aging. The Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) is a standard screening tool that is used often with older patients to

Deep tendon reflexes are used to evaluate the function of sp…

Deep tendon reflexes are used to evaluate the function of specific spine segmental levels.  Absent reflexes may indicate a neuropathy or lower motor neuron disorder.  Hyperactive reflexes suggest an upper motor neuron disorder. The health care provider is assessing deep tendon reflex response in a 12-year-old boy. The boy’s response is an expected reflex. Which of the following scores should be documented?