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At the initial stage of acquaintanceship, the characteristics of effective interpersonal communication are usually present to only a small degree. You’re guarded rather than open or expressive, lest [for fear that] you  reveal aspects of yourself that might be viewed negatively. Your ability to empathize with or to orient yourself significantly to the other is limited because you don’t yet know the other person. The relationship — at this stage, at least — is probably viewed as too temporary to be worth the effort. Because the other person is not well known to you, supportiveness, positiveness, and equality would all be difficult to manifest [show] in any meaningful sense. The characteristics demonstrated are probably more the result of politeness than any genuine expression of positive regard. At this stage, there is little genuine immediacy; the people see themselves as separate and distinct rather than as a unit. Because the relationship is so new and because the people don’t know each other very well, the interaction is often characterized by awkwardness — for example, overlong pauses, uncertainty over the topics to be discussed, and ineffective exchanges of speaker and listener roles. Casual friendship is the second stage. There is a dyadic [being a group of two] consciousness, a clear sense of “we-ness,” of togetherness. At this stage, you participate in activities as a unit rather than as separate individuals. A casual friend is one we would go with to the movies, sit with in the cafeteria or in class, or ride home with from school. The qualities of effective interpersonal interaction begin to be seen more clearly at this stage. You start to express yourself openly and become interested in the other person’s disclosures. You begin to own your feelings and thoughts and respond openly to his or her communications. Because you’re beginning to understand this person, you empathize and demonstrate significant other-orientation. You also demonstrate supportiveness and develop a genuinely positive attitude toward both the other person and mutual communication situations. Close and intimate friendships have an intensification of the casual friendship. This is the third stage, and you and your friend see yourselves more as an exclusive unit. Each of you derives greater benefits (for example, emotional support) from intimate friendship than from casual friendship. Because you know each other well (for example, you know one another’s values, opinions, attitudes), your uncertainty about each other has been significantly reduced — you’re able to predict each other’s behaviors with considerable accuracy. [You] can use these signals as guides to your interactions — avoiding certain topics at certain times or offering consolation on the basis of facial expressions. Similarly, you can read the other’s nonverbal signals moreaccurately. (Adapted from DeVito, The Interpersonal Communication Book. 12th ed., 2004, p. 284) Which sentence states the thesis of this passage?

Questions 1 – 9 are based on the following passage.           The eyes themselves can send several kinds of messages. Meeting someone’s glance with your eyes is usually a sign of involvement, whereas looking away often signals a desire to avoid contact. This is whysolicitors on the street – panhandlers (beggars), salespeople, petitioners — try to catch our eye. Once they’ve managed to establish contact with a glance, it becomes harder for the approached person to draw away. Most of us remember trying to avoid a question we didn’t understand by glancing away from the teacher. At times like these we usually became very interested in our textbooks, fingernails, the clock — anything but the teacher’s stare. Of course, the teacher always seemed to know the meaning of this nonverbal behavior, and ended up calling on those of us who signaled our uncertainty.         Another kind of message the eyes communicate is a positive or negative attitude. When someoneglances toward us with the proper facial expression, we get a clear message that the looker is interested in us — hence the expression “making eyes.” At the same time, when our long glances toward someone else are avoided by that person, we can be pretty sure that the other person isn’t as interested in us as we are in him or her. (Of course, there are all sorts of courtship games in which the receiver of a glance pretends not to notice any message by glancing away, yet signals interest with some other part of the body.)        The eyes communicate both dominance and submission. We’ve all played the game of trying to staresomebody down, and in real life there are also times when downcast eyes are a sign of giving in. In somereligious orders, for example, subordinate members are expected to keep their eyes downcast when addressing a superior. The main idea of the first paragraph is expressed in 

At the initial stage of acquaintanceship, the characteristics of effective interpersonal communication are usually present to only a small degree. You’re guarded rather than open or expressive, lest [for fear that] you  reveal aspects of yourself that might be viewed negatively. Your ability to empathize with or to orient yourself significantly to the other is limited because you don’t yet know the other person. The relationship — at this stage, at least — is probably viewed as too temporary to be worth the effort. Because the other person is not well known to you, supportiveness, positiveness, and equality would all be difficult to manifest [show] in any meaningful sense. The characteristics demonstrated are probably more the result of politeness than any genuine expression of positive regard. At this stage, there is little genuine immediacy; the people see themselves as separate and distinct rather than as a unit. Because the relationship is so new and because the people don’t know each other very well, the interaction is often characterized by awkwardness — for example, overlong pauses, uncertainty over the topics to be discussed, and ineffective exchanges of speaker and listener roles. Casual friendship is the second stage. There is a dyadic [being a group of two] consciousness, a clear sense of “we-ness,” of togetherness. At this stage, you participate in activities as a unit rather than as separate individuals. A casual friend is one we would go with to the movies, sit with in the cafeteria or in class, or ride home with from school. The qualities of effective interpersonal interaction begin to be seen more clearly at this stage. You start to express yourself openly and become interested in the other person’s disclosures. You begin to own your feelings and thoughts and respond openly to his or her communications. Because you’re beginning to understand this person, you empathize and demonstrate significant other-orientation. You also demonstrate supportiveness and develop a genuinely positive attitude toward both the other person and mutual communication situations. Close and intimate friendships have an intensification of the casual friendship. This is the third stage, and you and your friend see yourselves more as an exclusive unit. Each of you derives greater benefits (for example, emotional support) from intimate friendship than from casual friendship. Because you know each other well (for example, you know one another’s values, opinions, attitudes), your uncertainty about each other has been significantly reduced — you’re able to predict each other’s behaviors with considerable accuracy. [You] can use these signals as guides to your interactions — avoiding certain topics at certain times or offering consolation on the basis of facial expressions. Similarly, you can read the other’s nonverbal signals moreaccurately. (Adapted from DeVito, The Interpersonal Communication Book. 12th ed., 2004, p. 284) The author uses an overall organization pattern that

Another sign stimulus, of course, is sound. A male bird’s song attracts females and repels competitors. Thus, it acts as a signal to birds of the same species. Male grasshoppers also attract females with a song. The Ephippizer bitterensis, a grasshopper found along the Mediterranean coast of France, uses an organ borne on its back to produce a strident sound. Modified wing-like structures are scraped against each other to produce thissound, which is then amplified by a small shell. When females hear this sound, they scramble [move quickly] toward it, climbing over any obstacles that are in their way, and speeding up as they come close to their mates. Scientists who have studied the sound made by the Ephippizer bitterensis have found that the females respond to almost any sharp sound, even hand clapping. Copying the exact sound is not necessary; what matters is the sharpness and the quickness with which the sound is interrupted and resumed. The male Ephippizer bitterensis produces sound from a device on its

Underproduction of growth hormone during the growing years produces ______.

When blood glucose levels are low, the ______ will increase the secretion of ______.

Identify the endocrine gland that is located atop the kidneys.

Another sign stimulus, of course, is sound. A male bird’s song attracts females and repels competitors. Thus, it acts as a signal to birds of the same species. Male grasshoppers also attract females with a song. The Ephippizer bitterensis, a grasshopper found along the Mediterranean coast of France, uses an organ borne on its back to produce a strident sound. Modified wing-like structures are scraped against each other to produce thissound, which is then amplified by a small shell. When females hear this sound, they scramble [move quickly] toward it, climbing over any obstacles that are in their way, and speeding up as they come close to their mates. Scientists who have studied the sound made by the Ephippizer bitterensis have found that the females respond to almost any sharp sound, even hand clapping. Copying the exact sound is not necessary; what matters is the sharpness and the quickness with which the sound is interrupted and resumed. The author’s main point is to

At the initial stage of acquaintanceship, the characteristics of effective interpersonal communication are usually present to only a small degree. You’re guarded rather than open or expressive, lest [for fear that] you  reveal aspects of yourself that might be viewed negatively. Your ability to empathize with or to orient yourself significantly to the other is limited because you don’t yet know the other person. The relationship — at this stage, at least — is probably viewed as too temporary to be worth the effort. Because the other person is not well known to you, supportiveness, positiveness, and equality would all be difficult to manifest [show] in any meaningful sense. The characteristics demonstrated are probably more the result of politeness than any genuine expression of positive regard. At this stage, there is little genuine immediacy; the people see themselves as separate and distinct rather than as a unit. Because the relationship is so new and because the people don’t know each other very well, the interaction is often characterized by awkwardness — for example, overlong pauses, uncertainty over the topics to be discussed, and ineffective exchanges of speaker and listener roles. Casual friendship is the second stage. There is a dyadic [being a group of two] consciousness, a clear sense of “we-ness,” of togetherness. At this stage, you participate in activities as a unit rather than as separate individuals. A casual friend is one we would go with to the movies, sit with in the cafeteria or in class, or ride home with from school. The qualities of effective interpersonal interaction begin to be seen more clearly at this stage. You start to express yourself openly and become interested in the other person’s disclosures. You begin to own your feelings and thoughts and respond openly to his or her communications. Because you’re beginning to understand this person, you empathize and demonstrate significant other-orientation. You also demonstrate supportiveness and develop a genuinely positive attitude toward both the other person and mutual communication situations. Close and intimate friendships have an intensification of the casual friendship. This is the third stage, and you and your friend see yourselves more as an exclusive unit. Each of you derives greater benefits (for example, emotional support) from intimate friendship than from casual friendship. Because you know each other well (for example, you know one another’s values, opinions, attitudes), your uncertainty about each other has been significantly reduced — you’re able to predict each other’s behaviors with considerable accuracy. [You] can use these signals as guides to your interactions — avoiding certain topics at certain times or offering consolation on the basis of facial expressions. Similarly, you can read the other’s nonverbal signals moreaccurately. (Adapted from DeVito, The Interpersonal Communication Book. 12th ed., 2004, p. 284) The main idea of the fourth paragraph is

Which of the following would the nurse want to include in patient education for a patient who is discharging home after receiving a permanent pacemaker?