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Why do we have multicore architectures instead of faster serial processors? Why is it important to exploit locality for your parallel code? Does it matter if the architecture that you are using is multicore or memory-distributed architecture? If yes, why? A scientist designs a parallel algorithm and calculated that she would get linear speedups. However, when she implemented the algorithm on a memory-distributed clusters which was shared by many people she got speedups that were much less than linear. Further, running the algorithm multiple times with multiple datasets gave variation in the speedups that she got (some time linear, sublinear, superlinear). Can you think of the reasons of the exhibited performance by the parallel algorithmic implementation? Another scientist created a parallel algorithm that can run on a CPU that is connected to a GPU accelerator. The GPU is connected to a CPU via PCIe bus. CPU has 8 cores. When the scientist ran the graph computation on a CPU – it took 320 minutes. However, when he ran the same computation on a CPU-GPU architecture – it took more than 2 days to run the same simulation. Can you help explain: Possible reasons for this discrepancy i.e. shouldn’t more number of cores on a GPU lead to better speedups as compared to running it on CPU? What can you do to make the performance better? Can you come up with a systematic way that you would solve this problem?

Assume that there are set of n points

Depth First Search (DFS) operates by selecting a node, then expanding on the initial node and generating its successors. In each subsequent step, DFS expands one of the most recently generated nodes. If this node has no successor, then DFS backtracks and expands a different node. If the sequential search of the tree is done using the DFS described above – how much time will it take (Big O notation is fine) to find the solution if each node search takes single unit of time. If the binary tree shown in second diagram (right) can be divided into two parts where each part processes a single half – how much time it will take to find the solution provided that search of each node again take one unit of time? Is there going to be a speedup? If yes, why? If not, Why not? Explain. 

Oreo’s (from Nabisco) is an example of a “endorser brand” architecture.

Nonfiction Reading TestMad HattersDirections: Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Refer to the text to check your answers when appropriate.A hatter is a person who makes hats. Hatters are also known as milliners. People have been wearing hats for a long time. So, millinery is an old profession. We can trace the use of the word back to the 1600s.Perhaps the most famous real-life milliner is Coco Chanel. She founded the Chanel brand after World War I. Her brand is still popular today. But the most famous milliner of all may be the Hatter from Alice”s Adventures in Wonderland.The Hatter first appears in Lewis Carroll”s 1865 novel ‘Chapter Seven – A Mad Tea Party’. The Hatter claims to Alice that it is always six o”clock and so it is always tea-time. He speaks in riddles, and he does not know the answer. And he changes his seat at the table at random. This character is known as ‘the Mad Hatter,’ and even the Cheshire Cat calls him mad.In Carroll”s time, many hatters suffered from mental illness. In fact, the phrase ‘as mad as a hatter’ was in print in 1829. This was several decades before Carroll”s character appeared. It is now understood that this madness was due to mercury exposure.Mercury was once a secret ingredient in hatting. Hatters would steam and press animal fur. Then they would add a compound made from mercury to stabilize the fur. They called this process felting. It made for some nice hats. It also gave hatters mercury poisoning.Erethism, also known as ‘mad hatter disease,’ is a mental disorder. It is due to having too much contact with mercury. Those who suffer from it shake beyond their control. Their personalities may change. They may lose their memories. Or they may hallucinate. It is a damaging condition.Speaking of madness, the small city of Danbury, Connecticut, was once known as ‘Hat City.’ During the 1800s and 1900s, as many as 75% of American-made hats came from Danbury. A lot of workers in this city were poisoned by mercury. There were so many cases that the condition was known as the ‘Danbury shakes.’ The madness of it all is that people knew the cause.Although the hazards of mercury had long been known, they weren”t studied until the 1860s. Yet by 1869, science proved the health hazards that mercury posed to hat makers. In 1874 and 1888, people created new, safer methods of felting using acid. However, the American hat industry continued to use mercury for another 60 years. Isn”t that maddening?The use of mercury in hatting finally ended during World War II. It wasn”t because people discovered that it was hazardous to workers. (They already knew that.) It was because mercury was needed to create detonators for the war effort. Connecticut banned the use of mercury in hat-making in 1941. To this day the banks of the Still River in Danbury still test high for levels of mercury waste. Which best explains why the author discusses Coco Chanel in the second paragraph?

Nonfiction Reading TestMad HattersDirections: Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Refer to the text to check your answers when appropriate.A hatter is a person who makes hats. Hatters are also known as milliners. People have been wearing hats for a long time. So, millinery is an old profession. We can trace the use of the word back to the 1600s.Perhaps the most famous real-life milliner is Coco Chanel. She founded the Chanel brand after World War I. Her brand is still popular today. But the most famous milliner of all may be the Hatter from Alice”s Adventures in Wonderland.The Hatter first appears in Lewis Carroll”s 1865 novel ‘Chapter Seven – A Mad Tea Party’. The Hatter claims to Alice that it is always six o”clock and so it is always tea-time. He speaks in riddles, and he does not know the answer. And he changes his seat at the table at random. This character is known as ‘the Mad Hatter,’ and even the Cheshire Cat calls him mad.In Carroll”s time, many hatters suffered from mental illness. In fact, the phrase ‘as mad as a hatter’ was in print in 1829. This was several decades before Carroll”s character appeared. It is now understood that this madness was due to mercury exposure.Mercury was once a secret ingredient in hatting. Hatters would steam and press animal fur. Then they would add a compound made from mercury to stabilize the fur. They called this process felting. It made for some nice hats. It also gave hatters mercury poisoning.Erethism, also known as ‘mad hatter disease,’ is a mental disorder. It is due to having too much contact with mercury. Those who suffer from it shake beyond their control. Their personalities may change. They may lose their memories. Or they may hallucinate. It is a damaging condition.Speaking of madness, the small city of Danbury, Connecticut, was once known as ‘Hat City.’ During the 1800s and 1900s, as many as 75% of American-made hats came from Danbury. A lot of workers in this city were poisoned by mercury. There were so many cases that the condition was known as the ‘Danbury shakes.’ The madness of it all is that people knew the cause.Although the hazards of mercury had long been known, they weren”t studied until the 1860s. Yet by 1869, science proved the health hazards that mercury posed to hat makers. In 1874 and 1888, people created new, safer methods of felting using acid. However, the American hat industry continued to use mercury for another 60 years. Isn”t that maddening?The use of mercury in hatting finally ended during World War II. It wasn”t because people discovered that it was hazardous to workers. (They already knew that.) It was because mercury was needed to create detonators for the war effort. Connecticut banned the use of mercury in hat-making in 1941. To this day the banks of the Still River in Danbury still test high for levels of mercury waste. Why did American hat makers stop using mercury and what does that suggest about their priorities?

Nonfiction Reading TestMad Hatters Directions: Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Refer to the text to check your answers when appropriate. A hatter is a person who makes hats. Hatters are also known as milliners. People have been wearing hats for a long time. So, millinery is an old profession. We can trace the use of the word back to the 1600s. Perhaps the most famous real-life milliner is Coco Chanel. She founded the Chanel brand after World War I. Her brand is still popular today. But the most famous milliner of all may be the Hatter from Alice”s Adventures in Wonderland. The Hatter first appears in Lewis Carroll”s 1865 novel ‘Chapter Seven – A Mad Tea Party’. The Hatter claims to Alice that it is always six o”clock and so it is always tea-time. He speaks in riddles, and he does not know the answer. And he changes his seat at the table at random. This character is known as ‘the Mad Hatter,’ and even the Cheshire Cat calls him mad. In Carroll”s time, many hatters suffered from mental illness. In fact, the phrase ‘as mad as a hatter’ was in print in 1829. This was several decades before Carroll”s character appeared. It is now understood that this madness was due to mercury exposure. Mercury was once a secret ingredient in hatting. Hatters would steam and press animal fur. Then they would add a compound made from mercury to stabilize the fur. They called this process felting. It made for some nice hats. It also gave hatters mercury poisoning. Erethism, also known as ‘mad hatter disease,’ is a mental disorder. It is due to having too much contact with mercury. Those who suffer from it shake beyond their control. Their personalities may change. They may lose their memories. Or they may hallucinate. It is a damaging condition. Speaking of madness, the small city of Danbury, Connecticut, was once known as ‘Hat City.’ During the 1800s and 1900s, as many as 75% of American-made hats came from Danbury. A lot of workers in this city were poisoned by mercury. There were so many cases that the condition was known as the ‘Danbury shakes.’ The madness of it all is that people knew the cause. Although the hazards of mercury had long been known, they weren”t studied until the 1860s. Yet by 1869, science proved the health hazards that mercury posed to hat makers. In 1874 and 1888, people created new, safer methods of felting using acid. However, the American hat industry continued to use mercury for another 60 years. Isn”t that maddening? The use of mercury in hatting finally ended during World War II. It wasn”t because people discovered that it was hazardous to workers. (They already knew that.) It was because mercury was needed to create detonators for the war effort. Connecticut banned the use of mercury in hat-making in 1941. To this day the banks of the Still River in Danbury still test high for levels of mercury waste. Why was making hats in America hazardous before 1941? Use text to support your argument.

Nonfiction Reading TestMad HattersDirections: Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Refer to the text to check your answers when appropriate.A hatter is a person who makes hats. Hatters are also known as milliners. People have been wearing hats for a long time. So, millinery is an old profession. We can trace the use of the word back to the 1600s.Perhaps the most famous real-life milliner is Coco Chanel. She founded the Chanel brand after World War I. Her brand is still popular today. But the most famous milliner of all may be the Hatter from Alice”s Adventures in Wonderland.The Hatter first appears in Lewis Carroll”s 1865 novel ‘Chapter Seven – A Mad Tea Party’. The Hatter claims to Alice that it is always six o”clock and so it is always tea-time. He speaks in riddles, and he does not know the answer. And he changes his seat at the table at random. This character is known as ‘the Mad Hatter,’ and even the Cheshire Cat calls him mad.In Carroll”s time, many hatters suffered from mental illness. In fact, the phrase ‘as mad as a hatter’ was in print in 1829. This was several decades before Carroll”s character appeared. It is now understood that this madness was due to mercury exposure.Mercury was once a secret ingredient in hatting. Hatters would steam and press animal fur. Then they would add a compound made from mercury to stabilize the fur. They called this process felting. It made for some nice hats. It also gave hatters mercury poisoning.Erethism, also known as ‘mad hatter disease,’ is a mental disorder. It is due to having too much contact with mercury. Those who suffer from it shake beyond their control. Their personalities may change. They may lose their memories. Or they may hallucinate. It is a damaging condition.Speaking of madness, the small city of Danbury, Connecticut, was once known as ‘Hat City.’ During the 1800s and 1900s, as many as 75% of American-made hats came from Danbury. A lot of workers in this city were poisoned by mercury. There were so many cases that the condition was known as the ‘Danbury shakes.’ The madness of it all is that people knew the cause.Although the hazards of mercury had long been known, they weren”t studied until the 1860s. Yet by 1869, science proved the health hazards that mercury posed to hat makers. In 1874 and 1888, people created new, safer methods of felting using acid. However, the American hat industry continued to use mercury for another 60 years. Isn”t that maddening?The use of mercury in hatting finally ended during World War II. It wasn”t because people discovered that it was hazardous to workers. (They already knew that.) It was because mercury was needed to create detonators for the war effort. Connecticut banned the use of mercury in hat-making in 1941. To this day the banks of the Still River in Danbury still test high for levels of mercury waste. Did early American hat makers care about the health of their workers? How do you know?

A nurse reviews laboratory results for a trauma client receiving multiple IM injections. The nurse notes a creatinine level of 2.3mg/dL. What should the nurse do first?